An Argumentative Essay Regarding the building of the Keystone pipeline

With an increasing global population and ever industrializing society's, environmental concern is rarely given priority over economic incentive. But what people fail to realize is that our environmental failures, and relative apathy about it set up a plethora of problems for future generations to deal with. One of the most important decisions president Obama will face in the next year will be whether or not to approve the building of the Keystone XL pipeline, a massively sized, and massively controversial oil pipeline that would stretch all the way from Alberta Canada, to American oil refineries along the Gulf Of Mexico.Despite the economic incentive present, the building of the Keystone XL pipeline should not happen because of the environmental risks posed, and the fact that it bolsters our dependence on fossil fuels. Oil pipelines are prone to environmentally devastating spills, and have never proved to be an effective long term solution for the transport of crude oil. A pipeline t he size of the Keystone XL would simply be a disaster waiting to happen.The proposed pipeline would stretch over 2,000 miles, and go directly above the Ogalalla Aquifer in the central United States. The Ogalalla aquifer is one of the largest, and most important in the entire United States, â€Å"About 27 percent of the irrigated land in the United States overlies this aquifer system, which yields about 30 percent of all ground water used for irrigation in the United States. The aquifer system supplies drinking water to 82 percent of the 2. 3 million people (1990 census) who live within the boundaries of the High Plains study area.† (Dennehy)The sheer size of the aquifer makes it so that the Keystone XL would have to go over it in order to reach it's destination, so what damage a spill would have is only magnified by the agricultural importance of the aquifer. There have been 24 oil pipeline spills in the US alone over the last decade, spilling over 680 thousand tonnes of oil. (List of Oil Spills). And even despite a recent spill in Arkansas, proponents of the pipeline still have failed to properly look into it's potential impact. â€Å"†¦the study is missing some critical elements, including an in-depth review of pipeline safety issues, added pollution in refinery communities and a special assessment of the impact on wildlife†¦. Keystone XL is rife with issues that exacerbate climate change and environmental injustices. † (Mogerman).Rather than be concerned with the issues presented by the pipeline, or the past precedent of failure many pipelines have had in the US, Keystone supporters seem to only be focused on the profit it's building would turn.And many wealthy supporters have turned to lobbying News programs into downplaying it's risks. â€Å"TV Outlets Mentioned Jobs Benefits Twice As Often As Spill Risks. Television outlets overlooked the threat of Keystone XL to the sensitive ecosystems along the pipeline route, mentioning the r isk of a spill in just 20 percent of coverage since Election Day, November 6, 2012. Meanwhile, 43 percent of television coverage promoted the jobs benefits of the pipeline.† (Fitsimmons)The media is the most effective way to get a message to the public, and wealthy oil corporations have proved they're willing to spend money to get a persuasive message across to the public, â€Å"Keystone pipeline supporters outspend it's opponents 35 to 1†¦ Some of this money going to news stations to encourage a positive view be portrayed. † (Israel) If the Keystone pipeline is built, a potential spill poses immense environmental risk to humans and wildlife alike, but supporters fail to acknowledge these risks and continue to push for it's production.America should be moving toward widespread usage of renewable energy, for the sake of its economy and environment; the building of the Keystone XL pipeline would only further our national dependence on non-sustainable sources of energ y.America, like many countries worldwide has been making a push toward sustainable energy on all fronts, and as public support of the shift becomes more and more apparent, â€Å"85% of Iowan's support wind farms, and this number is an accurate gauge of the approximate public attitude nationwide.† (Haugen) large energy companies, and other companies like car manufacturers become more and more likely to jump on the bandwagon and help the progress, â€Å"Green car madness has taken over. This year we have seen more electric and hybrid vehicle startups than ever before. † (Morrison) Nearly everyone recognizes the benefits of the shift, both in terms of how it would help our environment in the long term, but also the economic impact it would have, (reduced gas costs, lower electric and other utilities bills†¦ etc. ) But still, many large companies work to impede the progress in favor of  maintaining our dependence on fossil fuels.The American Petroleum institute has worked with many oil industry protection companies to stymie the renewable energy movement, even in some cases, â€Å"posing as environmentalist groups in order to attract the support of environmentalists while simultaneously pushing their anti-renewable agenda. † (Blankenhorn) Many of these companies striving against renewable energy also support the building of the Keystone pipeline, using the justification that the building of the pipeline would lower gas prices.But what they fail to acknowledge is the basic economic fallacy of this, â€Å"Fossil energy prices are not going to fall. The more you remove carbon-based resources from the ground, the more it costs to get more. † (Blankenhorn) The law of supply and demand dictates that as supply lessens, demand goes up, and as does price. So even if prices are lowered in the short term, the fact that crude oil is a non-renewable resource assures that the pipeline is in no way a permanent solution to gas prices so many peo ple worry about. Perhaps a more permanent solution to gas prices would to eliminate gas altogether.Rather than pumping money into a project like the pipeline that would simply increase our dependence on fossil fuels, more money should be put into the research and development of sustainable energy. With the US dollar that will go into building the Keystone pipeline, â€Å"Approximately 12. 2$ billion† (TransCanada), with that money alone, we could afford to put a whole home solar panel system on over 1. 8 million homes across the country (Wholesale Solar), or purchase a Nissan Leaf electric car (no gas emissions, 108 mpg) for over four hundred thousand people.(Gunther)Supporters of the Keystone Pipeline argue that the jobs created by the pipeline, and the money that would in turn be pumped into the economy validates its building. Approval of the pipeline would immediately add many job opportunities to the American workforce, â€Å"It's estimated that the Keystone XL project w ould help create at least 20,000 new American jobs in manufacturing and construction, said House Speaker John Boehner. † (Shierter) This immediate influx of jobs would benefit the national economy and reduce unemployment.Supporters also say that it's building would help reduce gas prices throughout the country, a pressing issue that effects a large number of people. â€Å".. they say the few pipelines that do connect Canada's oil production region to the US currently flow where refining capacity is limited. This means less gasoline for your tank. The result would mean more supply for US consumers, and therefore, lower gasoline prices. † (Sanati) With the pipeline carrying nearly 800,000 barrels of oil a day directly into U. S. Refineries, our foreign dependence would be significantly reduced, and the ‘everyday person' would see a drop in their gas prices.Supporters say that these economic incentives are enough enough to outweigh the environmental risks of building the pipeline. While the fact that the pipeline being built would immediately create 20,000+ jobs for American people is a fact, and can't be refuted, what supporters like John Boehner fail to acknowledge is the permanence of these jobs. The national energy panel came out with a report regarding the economic impact of building the pipeline, saying â€Å"†¦ once up and running, the operation of the pipeline would only support 35 permanent and 15 temporary jobs, mostly for inspections, maintenance and repairs.Based on this estimate, routine operation of the proposed pipeline would have negligible socioeconomic impacts. † (Buford) What good in an influx of 20,000+ jobs if, once done with their initial job are no longer needed? The idea that the jobs created by the pipeline should be enough to make us want to build it is a short-sighted evasion of facts. Rather than thrust people into impermanent jobs related to the pipeline employers nationwide should be pushing people towa rd working in the field of renewable energy, â€Å"The field of renewable energy has expanded vastly over the last 10 years, creating over 2.3 permanent jobs worldwide.A number expected to continue increasing. † But America has yet to embrace this shift as other countries have â€Å"In the United States, federal policies have been weak and inconsistent over the years. Still, a study for the American Solar Energy Society found that the U. S. renewables sector employed close to 200,000 people directly in 2006 and another 246,000 indirectly. † (Bezdek) The potential is there for renewable energy to emerge as a power player in terms of national employment in the U.S, other countries show it's massive potential, â€Å"In 2006 Germany had some 259,000 direct and indirect jobs in the renewables sector.The number is expected to reach 400,000-500,000 by 2020 and then 710,000 by 2030. † (Buhler) Yet the U. S still seems wary to make a commitment to renewable energy, in ma ny ways do to powerful oil companies and other people with economic interests in oil working to impede a national shift. Rather than focus on the short term employment that would come from the Keystone Pipeline, the American government and energy companies should work on shifting from fossils fuels, to renewable energy.It would not only benefit the environment, but expand an already existing field of permanent jobs. The risks posed by building the Keystone XL pipeline outweigh it's economic potential by a large margin. It's building would only further delay us as a country from moving toward widespread renewable energy. As inhabitants of this Earth it is our responsibility to preserve and protect the Earth and it's natural resources for future generations, to build the Keystone pipeline would contradict that philosophy.Many people have stepped up for the cause and publicly opposed the pipeline, whether through petitions, letters to political figures, or actual demonstrations, this p ublic pressure is what convinces politicians to support a stance, and this will to protect is exactly what will end up preserving our Earth. â€Å"We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity, belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, then we may begin to use it with love and respect. † An Argumentative Essay Regarding the building of the Keystone pipeline With an increasing global population and ever industrializing society's, environmental concern is rarely given priority over economic incentive. But what people fail to realize is that our environmental failures, and relative apathy about it set up a plethora of problems for future generations to deal with. One of the most important decisions president Obama will face in the next year will be whether or not to approve the building of the Keystone XL pipeline, a massively sized, and massively controversial oil pipeline that would stretch all the way from Alberta Canada, to American oil refineries along the Gulf Of Mexico.Despite the economic incentive present, the building of the Keystone XL pipeline should not happen because of the environmental risks posed, and the fact that it bolsters our dependence on fossil fuels. Oil pipelines are prone to environmentally devastating spills, and have never proved to be an effective long term solution for the transport of crude oil. A pipeline t he size of the Keystone XL would simply be a disaster waiting to happen.The proposed pipeline would stretch over 2,000 miles, and go directly above the Ogalalla Aquifer in the central United States. The Ogalalla aquifer is one of the largest, and most important in the entire United States, â€Å"About 27 percent of the irrigated land in the United States overlies this aquifer system, which yields about 30 percent of all ground water used for irrigation in the United States. The aquifer system supplies drinking water to 82 percent of the 2. 3 million people (1990 census) who live within the boundaries of the High Plains study area.† (Dennehy)The sheer size of the aquifer makes it so that the Keystone XL would have to go over it in order to reach it's destination, so what damage a spill would have is only magnified by the agricultural importance of the aquifer. There have been 24 oil pipeline spills in the US alone over the last decade, spilling over 680 thousand tonnes of oil. (List of Oil Spills).And even despite a recent spill in Arkansas, proponents of the pipeline still have failed to properly look into it's potential impact. â€Å"†¦the study is missing some critical elements, including an in-depth review of pipeline safety issues, added pollution in refinery communities and a special assessment of the impact on wildlife†¦. Keystone XL is rife with issues that exacerbate climate change and environmental injustices. † (Mogerman). Rather than be concerned with the issues presented by the pipeline, or the past precedent of failure many pipelines have had in the US, Keystone supporters seem to only be focused on the profit it's building would turn.And many wealthy supporters have turned to lobbying News programs into downplaying it's risks. â€Å"TV Outlets Mentioned Jobs Benefits Twice As Often As Spill Risks. Television outlets overlooked the threat of Keystone XL to the sensitive ecosystems along the pipeline route, mentioning the r isk of a spill in just 20 percent of coverage since Election Day, November 6, 2012. Meanwhile, 43 percent of television coverage promoted the jobs benefits of the pipeline.† (Fitsimmons)The media is the most effective way to get a message to the public, and wealthy oil corporations have proved they're willing to spend money to get a persuasive message across to the public, â€Å"Keystone pipeline supporters outspend it's opponents 35 to 1†¦ Some of this money going to news stations to encourage a positive view be portrayed. † (Israel) If the Keystone pipeline is built, a potential spill poses immense environmental risk to humans and wildlife alike, but supporters fail to acknowledge these risks and continue to push for it's production.America should be moving toward widespread usage of renewable energy, for the sake of its economy and environment; the building of the Keystone XL pipeline would only further our national dependence on non-sustainable sources of energ y. America, like many countries worldwide has been making a push toward sustainable energy on all fronts, and as public support of the shift becomes more and more apparent, â€Å"85% of Iowan's support wind farms, and this number is an accurate gauge of the approximate public attitude nationwide.† (Haugen)Large energy companies, and other companies like car manufacturers become more and more likely to jump on the bandwagon and help the progress, â€Å"Green car madness has taken over. This year we have seen more electric and hybrid vehicle startups than ever before. † (Morrison) Nearly everyone recognizes the benefits of the shift, both in terms of how it would help our environment in the long term, but also the economic impact it would have, (reduced gas costs, lower electric and other utilities bills†¦ etc. )But still, many large companies work to impede the progress in favor of  maintaining our dependence on fossil fuels. The American Petroleum institute has worked with many oil industry protection companies to stymie the renewable energy movement, even in some cases, â€Å"posing as environmentalist groups in order to attract the support of environmentalists while simultaneously pushing their anti-renewable agenda. † (Blankenhorn) Many of these companies striving against renewable energy also support the building of the Keystone pipeline, using the justification that the building of the pipeline would lower gas prices.But what they fail to acknowledge is the basic economic fallacy of this, â€Å"Fossil energy prices are not going to fall. The more you remove carbon-based resources from the ground, the more it costs to get more. † (Blankenhorn) The law of supply and demand dictates that as supply lessens, demand goes up, and as does price. So even if prices are lowered in the short term, the fact that crude oil is a non-renewable resource assures that the pipeline is in no way a permanent solution to gas prices so many peo ple worry about. Perhaps a more permanent solution to gas prices would to eliminate gas altogether.Rather than pumping money into a project like the pipeline that would simply increase our dependence on fossil fuels, more money should be put into the research and development of sustainable energy. With the US dollar that will go into building the Keystone pipeline, â€Å"Approximately 12. 2$ billion† (TransCanada), with that money alone, we could afford to put a whole home solar panel system on over 1. 8 million homes across the country (Wholesale Solar), or purchase a Nissan Leaf electric car (no gas emissions, 108 mpg) for over four hundred thousand people.  (Gunther)Supporters of the Keystone Pipeline argue that the jobs created by the pipeline, and the money that would in turn be pumped into the economy validates its building. Approval of the pipeline would immediately add many job opportunities to the American workforce, â€Å"It's estimated that the Keystone XL proje ct would help create at least 20,000 new American jobs in manufacturing and construction, said House Speaker John Boehner. † (Shierter) This immediate influx of jobs would benefit the national economy and reduce unemployment.Supporters also say that it's building would help reduce gas prices throughout the country, a pressing issue that effects a large number of people. â€Å".. they say the few pipelines that do connect Canada's oil production region to the US currently flow where refining capacity is limited. This means less gasoline for your tank. The result would mean more supply for US consumers, and therefore, lower gasoline prices. † (Sanati) With the pipeline carrying nearly 800,000 barrels of oil a day directly into U. S. Refineries, our foreign dependence would be significantly reduced, and the ‘everyday person' would see a drop in their gas prices.Supporters say that these economic incentives are enough enough to outweigh the environmental risks of buil ding the pipeline. While the fact that the pipeline being built would immediately create 20,000+ jobs for American people is a fact, and can't be refuted, what supporters like John Boehner fail to acknowledge is the permanence of these jobs. The national energy panel came out with a report regarding the economic impact of building the pipeline, saying â€Å"†¦ once up and running, the operation of the pipeline would only support 35 permanent and 15 temporary jobs, mostly for inspections, maintenance and repairs.Based on this estimate, routine operation of the proposed pipeline would have negligible socioeconomic impacts. † (Buford) What good in an influx of 20,000+ jobs if, once done with their initial job are no longer needed? The idea that the jobs created by the pipeline should be enough to make us want to build it is a short-sighted evasion of facts. Rather than thrust people into impermanent jobs related to the pipeline employers nationwide should be pushing people toward working in the field of renewable energy, â€Å"The field of renewable energy has expanded vastly over the last 10 years, creating over 2.3 permanent jobs worldwide.A number expected to continue increasing. † But America has yet to embrace this shift as other countries have â€Å"In the United States, federal policies have been weak and inconsistent over the years. Still, a study for the American Solar Energy Society found that the U. S. renewables sector employed close to 200,000 people directly in 2006 and another 246,000 indirectly. † (Bezdek) The potential is there for renewable energy to emerge as a power player in terms of national employment in the U.S, other countries show it's massive potential, â€Å"In 2006 Germany had some 259,000 direct and indirect jobs in the renewables sector.The number is expected to reach 400,000-500,000 by 2020 and then 710,000 by 2030. † (Buhler) Yet the U. S still seems wary to make a commitment to renewable energy, i n many ways do to powerful oil companies and other people with economic interests in oil working to impede a national shift. Rather than focus on the short term employment that would come from the Keystone Pipeline, the American government and energy companies should work on shifting from fossils fuels, to renewable energy.It would not only benefit the environment, but expand an already existing field of permanent jobs. The risks posed by building the Keystone XL pipeline outweigh it's economic potential by a large margin. It's building would only further delay us as a country from moving toward widespread renewable energy. As inhabitants of this Earth it is our responsibility to preserve and protect the Earth and it's natural resources for future generations, to build the Keystone pipeline would contradict that philosophy.Many people have stepped up for the cause and publicly opposed the pipeline, whether through petitions, letters to political figures, or actual demonstrations, th is public pressure is what convinces politicians to support a stance, and this will to protect is exactly what will end up preserving our Earth. â€Å"We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity, belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, then we may begin to use it with love and respect. †

Critical Essay on Cadbury

Cadbury’s Coporate Social Responsibility Businesses these days are much different from how it was in previous generations. Nowadays, society impacts that corporation has is not only about economic power, instead it has also gone into corporate social responsibilities. Cadbury is an international company that is the second largest confectionary company in the world. (Factbox: British confectioner Cadbury 2010).Therefore, they have a bigger impact to affect both positively and negatively on the society as they have a bigger influence and power on the society due to their dominance in market share. In this essay, it will go in depth about the performance of Cadbury in relation to its corporate social responsibility. This essay will explain and argue a balanced argument about the negative and positive impact Cadbury has today on its society by analyzing their â€Å"Cadbury Community† programme and their association with child labour.Negative Social Responsibility of Cadbury According to a documentary called â€Å"Slavery† on the BBC, it documented cocoa beans production and how it is related to child labour, in the documentary, it focused on Cadbury, aiming at them about that negative social responsibility that they have. The reason for child labour in the cocoa production is because of the prices that are set on the cocoa beans is very low when it is sold. For example, farmers are only selling their cocoa beans for only a mere sum of money, therefore they would want to gain more profit.The only way to do that is to get cheaper labour so that their expenses are not so high which would result in higher revenue earned at the end of the day. Since child labour is one of the cheapest labour in the world, it is the top choice for labour to keep cost down would be child labour. In a brighter light, not everyone was affected by the low priced cocoa beans. For example, Cadbury was still able to employ many people around the world and still kept their p roduct prices down to continue attracting their customers.However, Cadbury was later seen as a supporter of child labour. Reason being, Cadbury were purchasing the cocoa beans from the farmers that were using child labour for their cocoa beans production. This in turn makes Cadbury a supporter of child labour as well as they are purchasing the beans from the farmers which encourages them to continue that they are doing. The consumers later came into conclusion that the low prices of Cadbury’s chocolate were not worth the children’s hard cheap labour in the developing countries. Read Critical Essay about Skurzynski’s NethergraveThe world’s largest cocoa producer, Cote d'Ivoire has given the possibility of Cadbury to demand the cocoa beans at a very low price. (World Cocoa Production. n. d. ) As they are the largest producers, they have more control of the cocoa prices around the world. To further exxagerate how much farmers of the cocoa production are getting paid, an example would be, for every kilogram of cocoa beans that a farmer harvest, they are getting paid almost the same amount of how much a bar of chocolate consumers pay for consumption. Which in most cases, would be a range of a dollar to two dollars. (Olivier. 2012. . This is not following their policies that Cadbury should be following under their code of conduct (Our Business Principles. 2008. ). In the document, it states that it is their responsibility, both corporate and social to make sure that there are proper and ethical practices to manage the business. Ethical issues such a s human rights, ethical trading and employment practices are considered when business is done in Cadbury. However, that is not much of the case when Cadbury is purchasing low and unfairly priced cocoa beans from the farmers. This is against their ethical values of ethical trading.Reason being, as mentioned above in this essay, by purchasing the beans at such a low cost, it is encouraging the farmers to hire more child labourers in order to keep their cost of production down and to gain more revenue earned. The stakeholders that are mostly affected would be the children that are forced to work at the farms to harvest the cocoa beans. Working at the farms does not only mean long working hours with very little pay, it also means that they might get beaten often due to carelessness at work or not meeting the expected weight of cocoa beans.It also means that they might not even get paid after working long hours with no food (Cocoa Campaign. n. d. ). By the year 2003, Cote d’Ivoire , which is the world’s largest cocoa producing nation, had about 109,000 child labourers (Country Reports on Human Rights and Practices. 2003). Out of the 109,000 children, more than half of them were said to be working on their own farms owned by their parents. The rest of the children, which consists of about 10,000 of them, are working as slaves or are being trafficked.By working on the farms, it means that the children are not given a chance to go to school to increase their knowledge or to further their education. This would therefore result in a vicious cycle of people depending solely on cocoa farming in order to earn enough money to meet their basic needs. For example, when a child is forced to work on the farms, he will not be able to attend school to gain knowledge to have a chance to get out of the country to work. Since he is stuck on the farm, he will grow up only with the knowledge on how to harvest cocoa beans.His main concern would be to maintain the farm and to earn more money for his family. In order to earn more money, it means that he has to harvest more cocoa beans. Therefore, he will need more help at the farm. Therefore, he will want to get as much help from his children to increase the cocoa beans production. This would continue in a cycle. Cadbury did try to solve the problem that they have made by sourcing their cocoa beans from Ghana, the second largest cocoa producer instead of from Cote d’lvoire. However, many people still are uncertain about their true motives to really solve the problem created.Reason being, back in 2001, the Chocolate Manufacturers Association (CMA) which consisted of large chocolate confectionary companies such as M, Cadbury and Mars Inc. decided to make a promise that their cocoa beans production would be free of child labourers by 2005, July. The commitment was made to the Cocoa Industry Protocol (CIP) (Protocol for Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products. 2001. ). Al though some large chocolate confectionary companies signed the CIP, none of them were able to meet the criteria of the commitment.Therefore, the dateline was extended and the percentage of their cocoa beans to come from childfree labourers was also reduced. Cadbury has recently self publicized that their products are now labeled as ‘Fair Trade Certified' (About Fairtrade n. d. ) which means that in general perception, a minimum price is to be directly paid to the cocoa producers which would hopefully reduce child labour. However, this is not the case reason being, when farmers are paid the minimum sum of money for their cocoa beans through the Fair Trade premiums, they will still have to minus off the a huge sum of their profit.So what exactly are reducing the farmer’s profit? They are the administrative expenses, operating costs, business reinvestments and other social costs (Fairtrade Certified: Frequently Asked Questions – Advanced n. d. ). Therefore, at the e nd of the day, cocoa farmers are still earning very little. This was just a spin doctoring made by Cadbury to change the public’s perception of Cadbury’s wrong doings. Positive Social Responsibility of Cadbury Cadbury does not only have negative corporate social responsibilities, instead, they are doing well in their work for the local communities around the world.Cadbury has donated some of their profits back to the community. Although this is just a mere 1% of their profit before tax, it is still something as some other companies are not even contributing back to the society at all (Working Together to Make a Difference in the Community n. d. ). Cadbury also has a community that helps in the society’s health, welfare, enterprise, education and environmental sustainability. For example, Cadbury’s â€Å"Miles for Smiles† event involves employees to walk between their two factories and raise funds for to raise funds for the less fortunate.Adding on, Cadbury has also donated to charities, sponsored to countries to help with their developments, developed programmes to help the less fortunate around the world. All these work was done voluntarily by Cadbury. Therefore, it displays the positive side of their company’s social responsibility to give back to the society. Conclusion Although Cadbury has done many negative impacts on the society, they had their fair share of making the world a better place by contributing back to the society as much as they can.Some of the public might still find that Cadbury has a lack of empathy towards ethical issues such as child labour. This might affect Cadbury’s reputation as this would be a hard point to erase form the consumer’s mind. Which means that no matter how much positive things that Cadbury does, at the back of the consumer’s mind, they will always remember the negative impact that Cadbury had caused that is now hard to resolve. And although Cadbury is trying hard to contribute back positively to the society, the public might see is as a way for Cadbury to advertise themselves more.Therefore, in order to keep up the good reputation and try to convert more of the public to view them positively, Cadbury has to keep up with their moral integrity and ethical guidelines, which is seen as a positive action by the public. Work Cited About Fairtrade. n. d. http://www. fairtrade. com. au/about (accessed August 31, 2010) Cocoa Campaign. n. d. http://www. laborrights. org/stop-child-labor/cocoa-campaign (accessed August 30, 2010) Country Reports on Human Rights and Practices. 2003. http://www. state. gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27723. htm (accessed August 30, 2010)Factbox: British confectioner Cadbury. 2010. http://uk. reuters. com/article/idINTRE60D1XX20100114? pageNumber=2=0=true (accessed August 30, 2010) Fairtrade Certified: Frequently Asked Questions – Advanced. n. d. http://www. transfairusa. org/content/resources/faq-advanced. php#indiv iduals (accessed August 31, 2010) Our Business Principles. 2008. http://collaboration. cadbury. com/SiteCollectionDocuments/English%20Booklet. pdf (accessed August 30, 2010) Olivier, M. 2012. Ivory Coast Cocoa Farmers to Put Pay Raise in Crop Output. http://www. bloomberg. om/news/2012-10-05/ivory-coast-cocoa-farmers-to-put-pay-raise-in-crop-production. html (accessed April 2, 2013). Protocol for Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products. 2001. http://www. cocoainitiative. org/images/stories/pdf/harkin%20engel%20protocol. pdf (accessed August 31, 2010) Working Together to Make a Difference in the Community. n. d. http://www. cadbury. com. au/Cadbury-Community. aspx (accessed August 31, 2010) World Cocoa Production. n. d. http://www. zchocolat. com/chocolate/chocolate/cocoa-production. asp (accessed April 2, 2013).

Ebenezer Scrooges Visit by the Three Spirits in Dickens...

Novels that are phenomenal makes the reader travel into a world where anything can happen. However, many authors made the readers travel into the main characters mind or point of view. In Charles Dickens novel, A Christmas Carol, a grumpy and selfish old man, Ebenezer Scrooge, was visited in his dream by three spirits. It all started in the morning of Christmas Eve when Scrooge came across into some events which made him started thinking and dreaming about his past, present and future with 3 different sprits. Many people believed that the three Spirits did visit Scrooge. It started when Scrooge heard Marley, Scrooge’s old partner in their job, softly in the air and saw him on Scrooge’s knocker at his door. Scrooge might have been†¦show more content†¦Therefore, Scrooge didn’t talk to the people, and remember that Scrooge doesn’t like to chat with other people, and he had a long night with the illusion of Marley. For these reasons, people believe that Scrooge really met the three Spirits and therefore never thought of why it could have been all in a dream. Ebenezer Scrooge has been reminded in the beginning of the story about his old friend, family, his nephew, and Christmas. These facts in the beginning must have bothered him. But the most must have been his friend Marley. After Marley left the book said,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ went straight to bed, without undressing, and fell asleep on the instant.† Scrooge must have been extremely tired and that’s when he started to dream.† When Scrooge and the Spirits of Christmas Past visit Scrooge’s past, Scrooge heard that it was all silent outside. This is some how wrong because during Christmas Eve adults and children are out playing, getting last minute gifts, or having a feast. After, Scrooge comes back from his past the Spirits of the present comes to show Scrooge’s present. The spirit tells Scrooge to enter a room which was full of foods and Christmas decorations. When the Ghost of the present took him to places it is l loud and cheerful. All of a sudden it was all loud (strange). ScroogeShow MoreRelatedScrooges Change in A Christmas Carol Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesScrooges Change in A Christmas Carol Dickens combines a description of hardships faced by the poor with a heart-rending sentimental celebration of the Christmas season. The novel contains dramatic and comic element as well as a deep felt moral theme. In the beginning of the novel Ebenezer Scrooge is portrayed as a hardhearted and unsociable man. However at the end of the novel we see dramatic changes in him as a trio of ghostly visitations causes a complete changeRead MoreScrooge in A Christmas Carol2375 Words   |  10 PagesCall for Change: Dickens’ Attempt to Improve Society, and Walt Disney’s Subversion Thereof In a time in which the significance of Christmas gradually started to change, Charles Dickens, in accordance with these changes, wrote a Christmas tale: A Christmas Carol. The novella was published six days in advance of the Christmas celebrations of 1843; it was sold out three days later. Although a socially engaged narrative, Dickens’ work is not occupied with trivialities such as the introduction ofRead MoreThe Metamorphosis of Ebenezer Scrooge in Dickens A Christmas Carol1476 Words   |  6 PagesMetamorphosis of Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol Ebenezer Scrooge learned a great deal about himself during the visitations of the three ghosts in A Christmas Carol. He learned things that not only changed his life, but also the lives of others such as Tiny Tim and his family. At first these changes came gradually, probably because they where not really fuelled by fear of what might be, but instead by remorse for things he had already done. Not until the second and third spirits visit Scrooge canRead MoreAnalysis Of A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens1395 Words   |  6 PagesMore than Just a Novel for the Christmas Season Christmas, the most joyous season of the year for many Christians. Yet, in the early Victorian era many industry and business leaders started to emerge as people who lacked the spirit of giving of kindness, particularly around Christmas. Charles Dickens, in eighteen forty-three penned a novel that to this day is one of the most beloved books of the Christmas season. Many view the book only as a seasonal novel to read as a young child or even an adultRead MoreThe Symbols Of A Christmas Lessol : A Christmas Carol1818 Words   |  8 PagesA Christmas Carol was published relatively early in his career, appearing in 1843 when Dickens was 31. The tale is one of a series of short stories on a subject that had long preoccupied its author: the importance of celebrating Christmas. One of Dickenss earliest published works was a defense of this holiday against its enemies, both religious, and irreligious. The former objected to the pagan unseemliness of feasting and frolicking in celebration o f the birth of Christ. The latter objected toRead MoreCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol1613 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol: Famed British author, Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. He was the second of eight children, living in a poor neighborhood in London. His parents were John Dickens, a naval clerk, who always lived beyond his means. Married to his mother Elizabeth Dickens, who aspired to be a teacher and a school director. Dickens went to William Giles’ school in Chatham, Kent, for approximately one year before his father’s money habitsRead MoreUse of Ghosts to Change Victorian Society in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens3307 Words   |  14 PagesVictorian Society in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol is a novel by Charles Dickens, written in the Victorian era about a man named Ebenezer Scrooge. The book was written to remind people that we should all be kinder and more generous towards one another, and keep the spirit of Christmas all the year, not only in the Christmas season. Scrooge is a representation of most of Victorian society, and he is used by Dickens as a literary device. HeRead MoreHow and Why Does Dickens Present the Change in Scrooge in ‘a Christmas Carol’?2608 Words   |  11 Pages‘A Christmas Carol’ covers a period of 24 hours from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day. It is a simple morality tale of the radical change in the character Ebenezer Scrooge from being bitter, ironfisted and miserable to becoming a new, openhearted and charitable man. The book was first published in 1843, a time when many of the wealthy people neglected the old Christmas spirit of charity. In addition, the Industrial Revolution had further done away with the simple pleasures of the season. Dickens’ intentionsRead More A Christmas Carol - character study of Scrooge Essay2602 Words   |  11 PagesA Christmas Carol - character study of Scrooge A Christmas Carol â€Å"Scrooge! A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner!† Scrooge is the main character in the novel ‘A Christmas Carol’. At the beginning of the novel he is a brutal, evil, pitiless, cold-hearted man, but subsequent to meeting three spirits, Scrooge regrets his life and decides he needs to alter it. The main theme Charles Dickens conveys through the story is redemption; this is significantRead More A Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens Essay1877 Words   |  8 PagesA Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens In this essay I intend to write about Ebenezer Scrooge who is the key character of the astonishing novel written by Charles Dickens one of greatest English novelist of he Victorian period. He wrote and published ‘a Christmas carol’ in 1843. Charles Dickens’s also well know stories such as ‘Oliver twist’. Dickens was born on the 2nd February 1812 in London port Hampshire. He moved from his birth place to Chatham where he received little education

The Conception Of Corporate Social Responsibility

Social responsibility is the accountability of companies for the contacts of its results along with actions on civilization and the surroundings, through crystal clear and ethical performance with the purpose of gives to continue progress together with the strength and the benefit of people. The truth so as to the expressions itself has tainted above this point also recommends that the significance qualified to perception for example, corporate social responsibility will maintain to progress in change with business supporting and common improvements. The conception of corporate social responsibility means that every organization have their own responsibilities as well as ethical and moral responsibilities in another sources of earning†¦show more content†¦Every company workers need to themselves confidence and fulfillment about their organization as a result of companies provide certain amount of facilities to them. therefore every employees is presented their duty base o n excellent and positive behavior, it is incredibly enthusiastic for this job. They don t like better to seem to be another work in other organization. occasionally, The people who more interest to work with your organization they will get positive and more application from applicants. it means applicants are more prefer to those workforce. more people are joining workforce due to their interest as well as reputation of organization in market. corporate social responsibility is highly impact of people to do work in this kind of company. we can see the all over expert experience and knowledge about positive thinking of CSR because of everybody can receive good service and product. So, people don t want to swap the company and product too. when customers prefer to buy company s product and services frequently they always have a preference to those product. they can rely on their product and service instead of other company s product. Corporate social responsibility express the best chance to give positive experiences by media as well as online. by reason of which is base on corporate social responsibility. they are not give money for advertisements and promoting their product or

Imperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of...

Smokescreen â€Å"The horror! The horror! The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much†(Hochschild, 1998, p. 164). Marlow, a fictional character in Heart of Darkness, is discussing colonialism, a policy that dramatically altered the world during the nineteenth century. While, those who plunder other nations are said to have done so in the name of progress, civilization, and Christianity, there is a certain hypocritical attitude that leads to accounts such as Marlow’s. For while these civilizing missions, or the rationale for intervention, accomplished some good, the movement developed†¦show more content†¦2). By way of explanation, slavery means to forcibly assert your power over another in order to dominate and gain economically, while the victims earn nothing. In the Congo, colonial officials asserted themsel ves by threatening, kidnapping, torturing, and killing. An effective weapon to torture natives was the chicotte, or a whip, to which was justified by the belief that the native’s were less than human. That is, Europeans believed them to be uncivilized and lazy. For this reason, they were put to work in a similar way to animals. By using the whip, those in power hoped their discipline would encourage the Africans to work and be civilized. For they believed the natives will not work unless they are taught good work ethic, despite the certainty that Africans have survived on their own. This idea of using barbaric forces to rid the natives of barbarism is hypocritical. King Leopold’s second justification was to morally uplift the natives. He stated, â€Å"To open to civilization the only part of our globe which it has not yet penetrated, to pierce the darkness which hangs over entire peoples, is, I dare say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hochschild, 1998, p. 44). His actions were seemingly commendable and echoed the beliefs of the nineteenth century. During this time, a need for an evangelical-religious awakening spread throughout countries such asShow MoreRelatedImperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1302 Words   |  6 Pagesstructures such as imperialism and colonialism can affect the way in which an individual experiences the world. Those born into the so-called â€Å"First World† countries have been privileged in that they have not felt the burden of such societal structure, as compared to those born into those â€Å"Second World† countries. These individuals have d ealt with the pressures of Westernized society in such a way that their entire way of life has been transformed. Those whose countries hold values of imperialism and colonialismRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness2027 Words   |  9 Pages   Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles.   Marlow, like other Europeans of his time, is brought up to believe certain things about colonialism, but his views change as he experiences colonialism first hand. This essay will explore Marlows view of colonialism, which is shaped through his experiencesRead MoreExposing Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1940 Words   |  8 PagesThe Evil of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       Marlow was an average European man with average European beliefs. Like most Europeans of his time, Marlow believed in colonialism; that is, until he met Kurtz. Kurtz forces Marlow to rethink his current beliefs after Marlow learns the effects of colonialism deep in the African Congo. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow learns that he has lived his entire life believing in a sugar-coated evil.   Marlows understanding of KurtzsRead MoreEssay on Hearts of Darkness: Post Colonialism850 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a critique of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, based on your reading about post-colonialism and discussing Conrads view of African culture as other. What would someone from Africa think about this work? Heart of Darkness starts out in London and also ends there as well. Most of the story takes place in the Congo which is now known as the Republic of the Congo. Heart of Darkness was essentially a transitional novel between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. During the nineteenthRead MoreEssay on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1276 Words   |  6 Pagesera of decolonization, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness presents one of fictions strongest accounts of British imperialism. Conrad’s attitude towards imperialism and race has been the subject of much literary and historical debate. Many literary critics view Conrad as accepting blindly the arrogant attitude of the white male European and condemn Conrad to be a racist and imperialists. The other side vehemently defends Conrad, perceiving the novel to be an attack on imperialism and the colonial experienceRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 Pagesin depth review of Joseph Conrad’s He art of Darkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil activities in the colonized African tribes along the river Congo during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Heart of Darkness is an exceptionallyRead MoreHeart of Darkness on the Flaws of Imperial Authority1024 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Heart of Darkness† on the Flaws of Imperial Authority Throughout Joseph Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness† despite the many conditions of the described Africa most if not all the characters agree that these conditions indeed differ from the conditions found in Europe. In working through conversations with Chinua Achebe’s Colonialist Criticism and An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness it can be brought to light that not only is Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness† a novel that criticizesRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1329 Words   |  5 Pages Heart of Darkness is a novel written by Joseph Conrad. The setting of the book is in Belgian Congo, which was the most infamous European colony in Africa. This is a story about the protagonist Marlow’s journey to self discovery, and his experiences in Congo. Conrad’s story explores the colonialism period in Africa to demonstrate Marlow’s struggles. Along the way, he faces insanity, death, his fear of failure, and cultural contamination as he makes his was to the inner station. Conrad through theRead More The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1559 Words   |  7 PagesEvil of Colonialism in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚   A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal horror at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of DarknessRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1902, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the story, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evid ent throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages†

Accounting Theory Bio Sustainable Feeds

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory for Bio Sustainable Feeds. Answer: Introduction Bio sustainable Feeds (BSF) Limited is an Australian based company. The company's operation is engaged in the research of sustainable feed products from the last two decades. The company is researching on the feed that is based on the plants and aqua cultural products. It is a bio based industry and thereby invests huge amount of money in the research and development program. The bio research program conducted by the company helps to improve the sustainability of the product. Therefore, it increases value of the company's product and thereby has a positive value towards the society. The company is engaged in the research of various plants and aqua culture feeds. Discussion Nature and value to society of the research being done by BSF Ltd. In the last two decades, Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Limited is engaged in the sustainable bio research programmes. It conducted a research on the products which are plant based feed including corn, sunflower, canola and other related products. The research creates a high value towards the society as it enhances the quality of the product and thus contributes to the development of bio based industries. With the research program, limited production of natural resources is enhanced and thereby the process of biological or natural resources helps in satisfying the consumer's demand at a large. It ensures social and economic benefit to the society through assessing the safety of food products. The consumption of food significantly affects the health of the human beings. It manages to maintain the sustainability of fish based feed and plant based feed (Biomar, 2016). The research conducted by BSF Ltd. entails the concerned issue of natural resources as bio based products. Several uncommon facts have been disclosed through the research of BSF Ltd. and thereby it signifies the understanding of the challenges which are sustainable in nature. The assessment of challenges and issues has been generated while BSF Ltd. is conducting its research. Hence, the research done by the company uses sustainable resources which in turn grows the society's value and therefore, it also adds value to the bio based products. It has promoted the sustainability of bio energy in the economy. With the systematic analysis of the research conducted by the company, environmental and human related issues have been resolved with the rise in its cost (Europa, 2016). Problems with the early researches done by BSF Ltd. There were several issues in the earlier researches done by Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd. The plant based feed research conducted by the company has cost of AUD $ 360 million but, it fails to prosper any significant result. It was also observed that the rate of conversion was not much effective because the plant based fish feed was expected to determine the issues related to the fish based feed which can be easily converted from the value of lower rate to higher rate feed products. But, the rate measured by the company was not actual as expected from the research. These issues are complex in nature and thereby charge of allegation was raised by many environmentalists at the earlier research. According to these environmentalists, food crops create diversion among poor and luxurious food items (europa, 2011). However, the lower value of fish feeds in production benefits the rich people but it also leads to risk for poor people. These risks are related to starvation and even malnutri tion to the poor people. Further, in response to these challenges and issues, Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd. has stated researching about the concept where bacteria can generate fish feeds from the residue of sugar cane, wood chips or the methane gas. The company has taken various measures to minimize their cost and thus develop effective research on plant based and aquaculture feeds. The manufacturer of the fish feeds are not allowed to promote sustainability as it does not enhance the profitability of the aquaculture industry. The intrinsic and extrinsic values of the earlier research were not profitable for the bio based industries (Titchener-Hooker Wilson, 2016). Significance of Research and Development The research and development program enhances the knowledge and thereby determines different aspects related to the issues or problems. The research and development program influences the considerable amount of the empirical research on the innovation and product development. It generates ideas and accumulation of skill and current knowledge level among the producer of products and services. The quality of manufactured product accelerates with the development of the new product. The research and development (R D) program plays a significant role in the development of human capital and technical advances. The activity of the research and development increases along with the market awareness. It examines the availability of nature and magnitude of the dependent assumptions which in turn support the findings of related concern (Jankowski Tassey, 2005). The research and development indicates the efficiency and effectiveness of economic solution to the environmental and social problems. It also fosters growth and development in the business activities and optimum utilization of scarce resources. Many business sector investment activities largely focus on the development as they basically concentrates on the incremental support rather than on the transformative support (NSF, 2012). However, research and development involves huge cost but in return it maximizes wealth for the company's activity. The success of the company largely depends upon the global ideas and the innovativeness which can be generated through the process of research and development strategy. By following the process of research and development, a company can enhance its productivity and thereby also improve its strategic management approaches (Barge-Gil Lpez, 2013). There are numerous advantages of implementing the program of research and development (R D). In addition, it contributes towards the vital role in the creation and propagation of the existing knowledge and thereby satisfies the comp any's long term objectives within the industry (Khan, 2015). In today's economic situation, most of the companies are engaged in the research and development program as it leads to profitability through enhancing quality of the products and bringing innovativeness in the existing production and development strategy. It aims to establish new techniques and knowledge for the further economic and social growth to the company. The application of research and development designs the production plan for the new improved material and products and technical devices. However, the research of any related product does not directly increase the benefits for economic development. Whereas, the development leads to clearly identify the viability of the product in the market. The development phase of the product refers to the implementation of the intended and new product with the creativity and enhanced knowledge. Moreover, research and development in the companies often raises increased amount of capital which in turn becomes a part of strategic alliance in the product development and innovation. The expenses on the research and development helps to maximize benefit at the later stage of new product implementation as it attracts many consumers with the advancement in technology. It improves the sustainability of the product and thus, also leads to add value towards the society and economic growth as a whole (ACCA Global, 2016). Fair market value patent The patent value system is one of the major leading tools for avoiding any misuse of the new research and inventions of the product (Hall et al., 2004). It is a critical analysis of productivity gain and thereby has a greater impact on the company's activity. Every organization seeks to acquire new opportunities for the development of the product. Therefore, the market value of the patent should be fair in nature (Appraisal Economics, 2016). There are various approaches to calculate patent value including market, income and cost approaches (Pitkethly, 1997). Calculation of Fair Market Patent Scenario 1 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grant received 500 BSF costs incurred -170 -170 -160 -100 -100 Expected Market Value 700 NET CASH FLOWS 500 -170 -170 540 -100 -100 Discount rate 8% Fair Market Value (Present Value) AUD 579.18 Scenario 2 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Grant received 500 BSF costs incurred -170 -170 -160 -100 -100 Expected Market Value 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 NET CASH FLOWS 500 -170 -170 -160 -100 -100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Discount rate 8% Fair Market Value (Present Value) AUD 779.28 Assumption of the patent valuation The expected growth, discount rate and economic life of asset of the BSF Ltd. Is likely to be change in the next coming years. The patent market value measures all the legal and economic existence (Abrams Akcigit, 2013). Journal Entries for the Research and Development Transactions Date Particulars AUD $ AUD $ 2012-13 Grant from Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) A/c To Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) LTD. Dr. 500 million 500 million 2012-13 Expenses on Alternative Aquaculture Feeds A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 100 million 100 million 2013-14 Research A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 500 million 500 million 2014-15 Development A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 200 million 200 million 2015-16 Development A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 200 million 200 million (The Office of the Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2008) How reasonable is the assertion The management of Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd. has stated that the values of the patent were likely to be established from the company with having a limited control more than the technology of bacteria based feeds. This claim was reasonable as the earlier researches conducted by the BSF Ltd. were thrive to fail. Therefore, concerning with the issues and problems related to the research, company has developed the innovative method of researching which defines the use of bacteria to create the fish feeds. In the earlier researches, conversion rate was not actually measured which in turn leads to the loss of cost to the company (biomar, 2016). The increased risk of the health issues is growing rapidly with the multiple challenging problems. Although, the production of fish feeds through bacteria facilitates certain success at the Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Limited and thereby it also reduces costs in the development of the feeds product within a market. Thus, in the recent research es it has been observed that bacteria based feeds increases the efficiency for the natural and environmental issues of fish feeds (Flint Garner, 2009). Conclusion This report includes all the major concepts related to the research and development and thereby also includes the valuation of patent. BSF Ltd. is an Australian based company that engages itself in the research of bio based products. The earlier researches of the company are likely to be failed, therefore in response to these issues BSF Ltd. has started researching the utilization of the bacteria based feeds. References Abrams, D.S. Akcigit, U., 2013. Understanding the Link between Patent Value and Citations: Creative Destruction or Defensive Disruption?. ACCA Global, 2016. Research and Development. [Online] Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f7/technical-articles/rd.html [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Appraisal Economics, 2016. Valuation of Patents. [Online] Available at: https://www.appraisaleconomics.com/valuation-of-patents/ [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Barge-Gil, A. Lpez, A., 2013. RD Determinants: Accounting for the Differences between Research and Development. In 35th DRUID Celebration Conference 2013. Barcelona, Spain, 2013. Biomar, 2016. Improving product sustainability. [Online] Available at: https://www.biomar.com/en/BioSustain/About-Biosustain/BioSustain-introduction/ [Accessed 21 September 2016]. biomar, 2016. Sustainability. [Online] Available at: https://www.biomar.com/en/BioMar-UK/Environment/Sustainability/ [Accessed 2016]. europa, 2011. Sustainable food consumption and production in a resource-constrained world. Europa, 2016. Food Security, Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Marine, Maritime and Inland Water Research and the Bioeconomy. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/food-security-sustainable-agriculture-and-forestry-marine-maritime-and-inland-water [Accessed 20 September 2016]. Flint, J.F. Garner, M.R., 2009. Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18(2), pp.367-78. [Accessed 2016]. Hall, B.H., Jaffe, A. Trajtenberg, M., 2004. Market value and patent citations. Jankowski, J. Tassey, G., 2005. Measuring Service-Sector Research and Development. Khan, J., 2015. The Role of Research and Development in Economic Growth: A Review. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 2(3), pp.128-33. [Accessed 2016]. NSF, 2012. Research Development, Innovation and the Science and Engineering Workforce. Pitkethly, R., 1997. The Valuation of Patents. The Office of the Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2008. Initial Accounting for Internally Generated Intangible Assets. Titchener-Hooker, N. Wilson, D.I., 2016. Optimal Control of Heat and Mass Transfer in Food and Bio Products Processing. European Federation of Chemical Engineering, 18, pp.699-705. [Accessed 2016].

John Steinbeck Essays - Dust Bowl, John Steinbeck,

John Steinbeck John Steinbeck, a 20th century novelist, was the recipient of numerous awards including the Nobel Prize. Steinbeck, a conservative that valued the old America, could produce pages of beauty followed by pages of sheer trash writing using specific characteristics, which his work is characterized by. John Steinbeck's work is characterized by symbolism and allegory, which can be seen in his novels The Pearl, The Grapes ofWrath, and his short story ?Flight.? In his short story, "Flight," John Steinbeck uses many examples of symbolism, which is one way you can characterize John Steinbecks' work. Symbolism can be a person, place, or thing used to portray something beyond itself. The most repeatedly used symbol in ?Flight? is the color black. In literature many authors use the color black to represent death. In his short story, ?Flight,? Steinbeck has numerous examples of color symbolism. A few examples are the black handle on the long blade, Pepe's black hair, and the black jerky. Another example may be found when Pep? puts on his fathers black coat, which represents death. When Pep? puts on the coat he is literally covering himself with death. Another fine example is the trail in which Pep? travels. Steinbeck describes the path as a well-worn black path. By traveling on this path he is in fact taking the road of death. Furthermore Pep?'s appearance also helps foreshadow the ending. Steinbeck describes him as having a black hat that covers his black thatched hair. Pep? is also described as being dark, lean and tall. Another example is Pep?'s shack. The shack is described as weathered and very old. It casts a rather large shadow to the Northeast. The darkness of the shadow symbolizes death in the home. As we can readily see, the authors use of black symbolism in the story tells us that the main character, Pep?, is impending death (pg. 225). Another form of symbolism that Steinbeck utilizes, which is also in ?Flight,? is nature symbolism. Throughout the story he uses nature to symbolize a variety of things. An example of nature symbolism is water, which is used to represent life. Some examples in the short story ?Flight? are Pepes' water bag that he hung over his horses' shoulder, which began to leak, symbolizing Pepes' life leaking away. Another example is when Pepe was traveling he started out close to the river and got further and further away as he traveled, symbolizing getting further away from life (pg. 225). Direction is another symbol Steinbeck uses, which is in ?Flight? as well. In ?Flight? direction is used to symbolize positive and pejorative effects. North and East are generally "good" directions. Many people feel this came about when the early man saw the sun rise in the East. On the contrary, the directions South and West are generally "bad" directions. Basically this is because the sun sets in the West. The direction up, which is also the way to heaven is generally "good," while down, the direction of hell, is considered to be "bad." An example of this form of symbolism can be found when Pepe is returning home. Pepe looks at his "weathered little shack" and notices the shadow. The shadow is heading in the direction Northeast. Even though the directions North and east are "good," the fact that the shadow is there turns them "bad." This means that evil is winning over goodness. So, whichever direction Pepe turns to he will fall into evil. Another fine example is when Pepe watches t he sun set in the West. The sun, which is the bringer of all life, is moving towards evil. That means it will be dark out and Pepe's death is soon to come. Steinbeck further uses this symbolism while describing the tops of the trees on the mountain. The tops of the trees were wind-bitten and dead. This symbolizes that the further Pepe travels up the mountain the closer he is to his inevitable death. As shown above, direction is another very important aspect of symbolism. Direction is just another of the many ways John Steinbeck accomplishes his foreshadowing of the ending of his story (pg. 225). As we can clearly see, John Steinbeck has used many techniques and examples of symbolism