The Conception Of Corporate Social Responsibility

Social responsibility is the accountability of companies for the contacts of its results along with actions on civilization and the surroundings, through crystal clear and ethical performance with the purpose of gives to continue progress together with the strength and the benefit of people. The truth so as to the expressions itself has tainted above this point also recommends that the significance qualified to perception for example, corporate social responsibility will maintain to progress in change with business supporting and common improvements. The conception of corporate social responsibility means that every organization have their own responsibilities as well as ethical and moral responsibilities in another sources of earning†¦show more content†¦Every company workers need to themselves confidence and fulfillment about their organization as a result of companies provide certain amount of facilities to them. therefore every employees is presented their duty base o n excellent and positive behavior, it is incredibly enthusiastic for this job. They don t like better to seem to be another work in other organization. occasionally, The people who more interest to work with your organization they will get positive and more application from applicants. it means applicants are more prefer to those workforce. more people are joining workforce due to their interest as well as reputation of organization in market. corporate social responsibility is highly impact of people to do work in this kind of company. we can see the all over expert experience and knowledge about positive thinking of CSR because of everybody can receive good service and product. So, people don t want to swap the company and product too. when customers prefer to buy company s product and services frequently they always have a preference to those product. they can rely on their product and service instead of other company s product. Corporate social responsibility express the best chance to give positive experiences by media as well as online. by reason of which is base on corporate social responsibility. they are not give money for advertisements and promoting their product or

Imperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of...

Smokescreen â€Å"The horror! The horror! The conquest of the earth, which mostly means the taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much†(Hochschild, 1998, p. 164). Marlow, a fictional character in Heart of Darkness, is discussing colonialism, a policy that dramatically altered the world during the nineteenth century. While, those who plunder other nations are said to have done so in the name of progress, civilization, and Christianity, there is a certain hypocritical attitude that leads to accounts such as Marlow’s. For while these civilizing missions, or the rationale for intervention, accomplished some good, the movement developed†¦show more content†¦2). By way of explanation, slavery means to forcibly assert your power over another in order to dominate and gain economically, while the victims earn nothing. In the Congo, colonial officials asserted themsel ves by threatening, kidnapping, torturing, and killing. An effective weapon to torture natives was the chicotte, or a whip, to which was justified by the belief that the native’s were less than human. That is, Europeans believed them to be uncivilized and lazy. For this reason, they were put to work in a similar way to animals. By using the whip, those in power hoped their discipline would encourage the Africans to work and be civilized. For they believed the natives will not work unless they are taught good work ethic, despite the certainty that Africans have survived on their own. This idea of using barbaric forces to rid the natives of barbarism is hypocritical. King Leopold’s second justification was to morally uplift the natives. He stated, â€Å"To open to civilization the only part of our globe which it has not yet penetrated, to pierce the darkness which hangs over entire peoples, is, I dare say, a crusade worthy of this century of progress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hochschild, 1998, p. 44). His actions were seemingly commendable and echoed the beliefs of the nineteenth century. During this time, a need for an evangelical-religious awakening spread throughout countries such asShow MoreRelatedImperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1302 Words   |  6 Pagesstructures such as imperialism and colonialism can affect the way in which an individual experiences the world. Those born into the so-called â€Å"First World† countries have been privileged in that they have not felt the burden of such societal structure, as compared to those born into those â€Å"Second World† countries. These individuals have d ealt with the pressures of Westernized society in such a way that their entire way of life has been transformed. Those whose countries hold values of imperialism and colonialismRead More Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness2027 Words   |  9 Pages   Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles.   Marlow, like other Europeans of his time, is brought up to believe certain things about colonialism, but his views change as he experiences colonialism first hand. This essay will explore Marlows view of colonialism, which is shaped through his experiencesRead MoreExposing Colonialism and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness1940 Words   |  8 PagesThe Evil of Colonialism Exposed in Heart of Darkness       Marlow was an average European man with average European beliefs. Like most Europeans of his time, Marlow believed in colonialism; that is, until he met Kurtz. Kurtz forces Marlow to rethink his current beliefs after Marlow learns the effects of colonialism deep in the African Congo. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Marlow learns that he has lived his entire life believing in a sugar-coated evil.   Marlows understanding of KurtzsRead MoreEssay on Hearts of Darkness: Post Colonialism850 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a critique of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, based on your reading about post-colonialism and discussing Conrads view of African culture as other. What would someone from Africa think about this work? Heart of Darkness starts out in London and also ends there as well. Most of the story takes place in the Congo which is now known as the Republic of the Congo. Heart of Darkness was essentially a transitional novel between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. During the nineteenthRead MoreEssay on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1276 Words   |  6 Pagesera of decolonization, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness presents one of fictions strongest accounts of British imperialism. Conrad’s attitude towards imperialism and race has been the subject of much literary and historical debate. Many literary critics view Conrad as accepting blindly the arrogant attitude of the white male European and condemn Conrad to be a racist and imperialists. The other side vehemently defends Conrad, perceiving the novel to be an attack on imperialism and the colonial experienceRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 Pagesin depth review of Joseph Conrad’s He art of Darkness, a classical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil activities in the colonized African tribes along the river Congo during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Heart of Darkness is an exceptionallyRead MoreHeart of Darkness on the Flaws of Imperial Authority1024 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Heart of Darkness† on the Flaws of Imperial Authority Throughout Joseph Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness† despite the many conditions of the described Africa most if not all the characters agree that these conditions indeed differ from the conditions found in Europe. In working through conversations with Chinua Achebe’s Colonialist Criticism and An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness it can be brought to light that not only is Conrad’s â€Å"Heart of Darkness† a novel that criticizesRead MoreHeart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1329 Words   |  5 Pages Heart of Darkness is a novel written by Joseph Conrad. The setting of the book is in Belgian Congo, which was the most infamous European colony in Africa. This is a story about the protagonist Marlow’s journey to self discovery, and his experiences in Congo. Conrad’s story explores the colonialism period in Africa to demonstrate Marlow’s struggles. Along the way, he faces insanity, death, his fear of failure, and cultural contamination as he makes his was to the inner station. Conrad through theRead More The Evil of Colonialism and Imperialism in Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad1559 Words   |  7 PagesEvil of Colonialism in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚  Ã‚   A masterpiece of twentieth-century writing, Heart of Darkness exposes the tenuous fabric that holds civilization together and the brutal horror at the center of European colonialism. Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness, describes a life-altering journey that the protagonist, Marlow, experiences in the African Congo.   The story explores the historical period of colonialism in Africa to exemplify Marlows struggles. Joseph Conrads Heart of DarknessRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1250 Words   |  5 Pages Written in 1902, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness follows the character Marlow in his journey up the Congo River to find the mysterious Kurtz, an ivory trader. In the story, Conrad explores the issues of colonialism and imperialism. The Company has enslaved native Congolese to help them mine for ivory and rubber in the area. The Congolese experience brutal working conditions as the company profits off their free labor. Racism is evid ent throughout the story with Marlow calling the blacks â€Å"savages†

Accounting Theory Bio Sustainable Feeds

Question: Describe about the Accounting Theory for Bio Sustainable Feeds. Answer: Introduction Bio sustainable Feeds (BSF) Limited is an Australian based company. The company's operation is engaged in the research of sustainable feed products from the last two decades. The company is researching on the feed that is based on the plants and aqua cultural products. It is a bio based industry and thereby invests huge amount of money in the research and development program. The bio research program conducted by the company helps to improve the sustainability of the product. Therefore, it increases value of the company's product and thereby has a positive value towards the society. The company is engaged in the research of various plants and aqua culture feeds. Discussion Nature and value to society of the research being done by BSF Ltd. In the last two decades, Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Limited is engaged in the sustainable bio research programmes. It conducted a research on the products which are plant based feed including corn, sunflower, canola and other related products. The research creates a high value towards the society as it enhances the quality of the product and thus contributes to the development of bio based industries. With the research program, limited production of natural resources is enhanced and thereby the process of biological or natural resources helps in satisfying the consumer's demand at a large. It ensures social and economic benefit to the society through assessing the safety of food products. The consumption of food significantly affects the health of the human beings. It manages to maintain the sustainability of fish based feed and plant based feed (Biomar, 2016). The research conducted by BSF Ltd. entails the concerned issue of natural resources as bio based products. Several uncommon facts have been disclosed through the research of BSF Ltd. and thereby it signifies the understanding of the challenges which are sustainable in nature. The assessment of challenges and issues has been generated while BSF Ltd. is conducting its research. Hence, the research done by the company uses sustainable resources which in turn grows the society's value and therefore, it also adds value to the bio based products. It has promoted the sustainability of bio energy in the economy. With the systematic analysis of the research conducted by the company, environmental and human related issues have been resolved with the rise in its cost (Europa, 2016). Problems with the early researches done by BSF Ltd. There were several issues in the earlier researches done by Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd. The plant based feed research conducted by the company has cost of AUD $ 360 million but, it fails to prosper any significant result. It was also observed that the rate of conversion was not much effective because the plant based fish feed was expected to determine the issues related to the fish based feed which can be easily converted from the value of lower rate to higher rate feed products. But, the rate measured by the company was not actual as expected from the research. These issues are complex in nature and thereby charge of allegation was raised by many environmentalists at the earlier research. According to these environmentalists, food crops create diversion among poor and luxurious food items (europa, 2011). However, the lower value of fish feeds in production benefits the rich people but it also leads to risk for poor people. These risks are related to starvation and even malnutri tion to the poor people. Further, in response to these challenges and issues, Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd. has stated researching about the concept where bacteria can generate fish feeds from the residue of sugar cane, wood chips or the methane gas. The company has taken various measures to minimize their cost and thus develop effective research on plant based and aquaculture feeds. The manufacturer of the fish feeds are not allowed to promote sustainability as it does not enhance the profitability of the aquaculture industry. The intrinsic and extrinsic values of the earlier research were not profitable for the bio based industries (Titchener-Hooker Wilson, 2016). Significance of Research and Development The research and development program enhances the knowledge and thereby determines different aspects related to the issues or problems. The research and development program influences the considerable amount of the empirical research on the innovation and product development. It generates ideas and accumulation of skill and current knowledge level among the producer of products and services. The quality of manufactured product accelerates with the development of the new product. The research and development (R D) program plays a significant role in the development of human capital and technical advances. The activity of the research and development increases along with the market awareness. It examines the availability of nature and magnitude of the dependent assumptions which in turn support the findings of related concern (Jankowski Tassey, 2005). The research and development indicates the efficiency and effectiveness of economic solution to the environmental and social problems. It also fosters growth and development in the business activities and optimum utilization of scarce resources. Many business sector investment activities largely focus on the development as they basically concentrates on the incremental support rather than on the transformative support (NSF, 2012). However, research and development involves huge cost but in return it maximizes wealth for the company's activity. The success of the company largely depends upon the global ideas and the innovativeness which can be generated through the process of research and development strategy. By following the process of research and development, a company can enhance its productivity and thereby also improve its strategic management approaches (Barge-Gil Lpez, 2013). There are numerous advantages of implementing the program of research and development (R D). In addition, it contributes towards the vital role in the creation and propagation of the existing knowledge and thereby satisfies the comp any's long term objectives within the industry (Khan, 2015). In today's economic situation, most of the companies are engaged in the research and development program as it leads to profitability through enhancing quality of the products and bringing innovativeness in the existing production and development strategy. It aims to establish new techniques and knowledge for the further economic and social growth to the company. The application of research and development designs the production plan for the new improved material and products and technical devices. However, the research of any related product does not directly increase the benefits for economic development. Whereas, the development leads to clearly identify the viability of the product in the market. The development phase of the product refers to the implementation of the intended and new product with the creativity and enhanced knowledge. Moreover, research and development in the companies often raises increased amount of capital which in turn becomes a part of strategic alliance in the product development and innovation. The expenses on the research and development helps to maximize benefit at the later stage of new product implementation as it attracts many consumers with the advancement in technology. It improves the sustainability of the product and thus, also leads to add value towards the society and economic growth as a whole (ACCA Global, 2016). Fair market value patent The patent value system is one of the major leading tools for avoiding any misuse of the new research and inventions of the product (Hall et al., 2004). It is a critical analysis of productivity gain and thereby has a greater impact on the company's activity. Every organization seeks to acquire new opportunities for the development of the product. Therefore, the market value of the patent should be fair in nature (Appraisal Economics, 2016). There are various approaches to calculate patent value including market, income and cost approaches (Pitkethly, 1997). Calculation of Fair Market Patent Scenario 1 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Grant received 500 BSF costs incurred -170 -170 -160 -100 -100 Expected Market Value 700 NET CASH FLOWS 500 -170 -170 540 -100 -100 Discount rate 8% Fair Market Value (Present Value) AUD 579.18 Scenario 2 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 Grant received 500 BSF costs incurred -170 -170 -160 -100 -100 Expected Market Value 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 NET CASH FLOWS 500 -170 -170 -160 -100 -100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 Discount rate 8% Fair Market Value (Present Value) AUD 779.28 Assumption of the patent valuation The expected growth, discount rate and economic life of asset of the BSF Ltd. Is likely to be change in the next coming years. The patent market value measures all the legal and economic existence (Abrams Akcigit, 2013). Journal Entries for the Research and Development Transactions Date Particulars AUD $ AUD $ 2012-13 Grant from Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) A/c To Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) LTD. Dr. 500 million 500 million 2012-13 Expenses on Alternative Aquaculture Feeds A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 100 million 100 million 2013-14 Research A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 500 million 500 million 2014-15 Development A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 200 million 200 million 2015-16 Development A/c To Cash A/c Dr. 200 million 200 million (The Office of the Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2008) How reasonable is the assertion The management of Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Ltd. has stated that the values of the patent were likely to be established from the company with having a limited control more than the technology of bacteria based feeds. This claim was reasonable as the earlier researches conducted by the BSF Ltd. were thrive to fail. Therefore, concerning with the issues and problems related to the research, company has developed the innovative method of researching which defines the use of bacteria to create the fish feeds. In the earlier researches, conversion rate was not actually measured which in turn leads to the loss of cost to the company (biomar, 2016). The increased risk of the health issues is growing rapidly with the multiple challenging problems. Although, the production of fish feeds through bacteria facilitates certain success at the Bio Sustainable Feeds (BSF) Limited and thereby it also reduces costs in the development of the feeds product within a market. Thus, in the recent research es it has been observed that bacteria based feeds increases the efficiency for the natural and environmental issues of fish feeds (Flint Garner, 2009). Conclusion This report includes all the major concepts related to the research and development and thereby also includes the valuation of patent. BSF Ltd. is an Australian based company that engages itself in the research of bio based products. The earlier researches of the company are likely to be failed, therefore in response to these issues BSF Ltd. has started researching the utilization of the bacteria based feeds. References Abrams, D.S. Akcigit, U., 2013. Understanding the Link between Patent Value and Citations: Creative Destruction or Defensive Disruption?. ACCA Global, 2016. Research and Development. [Online] Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f7/technical-articles/rd.html [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Appraisal Economics, 2016. Valuation of Patents. [Online] Available at: https://www.appraisaleconomics.com/valuation-of-patents/ [Accessed 21 September 2016]. Barge-Gil, A. Lpez, A., 2013. RD Determinants: Accounting for the Differences between Research and Development. In 35th DRUID Celebration Conference 2013. Barcelona, Spain, 2013. Biomar, 2016. Improving product sustainability. [Online] Available at: https://www.biomar.com/en/BioSustain/About-Biosustain/BioSustain-introduction/ [Accessed 21 September 2016]. biomar, 2016. Sustainability. [Online] Available at: https://www.biomar.com/en/BioMar-UK/Environment/Sustainability/ [Accessed 2016]. europa, 2011. Sustainable food consumption and production in a resource-constrained world. Europa, 2016. Food Security, Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry, Marine, Maritime and Inland Water Research and the Bioeconomy. [Online] Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/food-security-sustainable-agriculture-and-forestry-marine-maritime-and-inland-water [Accessed 20 September 2016]. Flint, J.F. Garner, M.R., 2009. Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18(2), pp.367-78. [Accessed 2016]. Hall, B.H., Jaffe, A. Trajtenberg, M., 2004. Market value and patent citations. Jankowski, J. Tassey, G., 2005. Measuring Service-Sector Research and Development. Khan, J., 2015. The Role of Research and Development in Economic Growth: A Review. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 2(3), pp.128-33. [Accessed 2016]. NSF, 2012. Research Development, Innovation and the Science and Engineering Workforce. Pitkethly, R., 1997. The Valuation of Patents. The Office of the Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2008. Initial Accounting for Internally Generated Intangible Assets. Titchener-Hooker, N. Wilson, D.I., 2016. Optimal Control of Heat and Mass Transfer in Food and Bio Products Processing. European Federation of Chemical Engineering, 18, pp.699-705. [Accessed 2016].

John Steinbeck Essays - Dust Bowl, John Steinbeck,

John Steinbeck John Steinbeck, a 20th century novelist, was the recipient of numerous awards including the Nobel Prize. Steinbeck, a conservative that valued the old America, could produce pages of beauty followed by pages of sheer trash writing using specific characteristics, which his work is characterized by. John Steinbeck's work is characterized by symbolism and allegory, which can be seen in his novels The Pearl, The Grapes ofWrath, and his short story ?Flight.? In his short story, "Flight," John Steinbeck uses many examples of symbolism, which is one way you can characterize John Steinbecks' work. Symbolism can be a person, place, or thing used to portray something beyond itself. The most repeatedly used symbol in ?Flight? is the color black. In literature many authors use the color black to represent death. In his short story, ?Flight,? Steinbeck has numerous examples of color symbolism. A few examples are the black handle on the long blade, Pepe's black hair, and the black jerky. Another example may be found when Pep? puts on his fathers black coat, which represents death. When Pep? puts on the coat he is literally covering himself with death. Another fine example is the trail in which Pep? travels. Steinbeck describes the path as a well-worn black path. By traveling on this path he is in fact taking the road of death. Furthermore Pep?'s appearance also helps foreshadow the ending. Steinbeck describes him as having a black hat that covers his black thatched hair. Pep? is also described as being dark, lean and tall. Another example is Pep?'s shack. The shack is described as weathered and very old. It casts a rather large shadow to the Northeast. The darkness of the shadow symbolizes death in the home. As we can readily see, the authors use of black symbolism in the story tells us that the main character, Pep?, is impending death (pg. 225). Another form of symbolism that Steinbeck utilizes, which is also in ?Flight,? is nature symbolism. Throughout the story he uses nature to symbolize a variety of things. An example of nature symbolism is water, which is used to represent life. Some examples in the short story ?Flight? are Pepes' water bag that he hung over his horses' shoulder, which began to leak, symbolizing Pepes' life leaking away. Another example is when Pepe was traveling he started out close to the river and got further and further away as he traveled, symbolizing getting further away from life (pg. 225). Direction is another symbol Steinbeck uses, which is in ?Flight? as well. In ?Flight? direction is used to symbolize positive and pejorative effects. North and East are generally "good" directions. Many people feel this came about when the early man saw the sun rise in the East. On the contrary, the directions South and West are generally "bad" directions. Basically this is because the sun sets in the West. The direction up, which is also the way to heaven is generally "good," while down, the direction of hell, is considered to be "bad." An example of this form of symbolism can be found when Pepe is returning home. Pepe looks at his "weathered little shack" and notices the shadow. The shadow is heading in the direction Northeast. Even though the directions North and east are "good," the fact that the shadow is there turns them "bad." This means that evil is winning over goodness. So, whichever direction Pepe turns to he will fall into evil. Another fine example is when Pepe watches t he sun set in the West. The sun, which is the bringer of all life, is moving towards evil. That means it will be dark out and Pepe's death is soon to come. Steinbeck further uses this symbolism while describing the tops of the trees on the mountain. The tops of the trees were wind-bitten and dead. This symbolizes that the further Pepe travels up the mountain the closer he is to his inevitable death. As shown above, direction is another very important aspect of symbolism. Direction is just another of the many ways John Steinbeck accomplishes his foreshadowing of the ending of his story (pg. 225). As we can clearly see, John Steinbeck has used many techniques and examples of symbolism

The Chocolatte War essays

The Chocolatte War essays Jerry Renault, the main character, is a fourteen-year-old boy who is a freshman at Trinity Highschool. In this book it tells how a young boy in a new environment can lose control of his identity by just trying to fit in with the rest of the people. He does this by trying to please a group of kids, the Vigils, who basically run and have control over the school. The book starts out with Jerry at football practice and it gets into his head explaining all of the emotions that he goes through not only on the field but also in his life. Jerry is a single child that lives with his dad who is a pharmacist. They live in an apartment. The reason for this is his mom is dead. She had just died due to an illness. Because of the presents that she left in the house Jerry and his dad felt it necessary to move out that way it would be easier to move on with their lives. From hear out the book goes on to describe Jerrys normal day and how he and his dad follow this routine. In the routine Jerry wakes up, goes to school, comes home does homework and then watches some TV before going to bed. For Jerrys dad he wakes up, goes to work, comes home and eats, and then goes right to bed because of his job he some times gets called in at all different hours of the night. Then one day hanging in Jerrys locker was a note that said Vigils meeting subject assignment. Because he new he would be in trouble if he didnt go, he went. His assignment was that he was not to sell any chocolate during the sale. This normally might not seem like a big thing but every year the school counts on this money to keep running. Thats what he did but instead of selling the chocolate at the end of the ten days he decided to become his own man and not sell chocolate at all. This was a mistake because he did not follow the assignment to sell the chocolate after the ten days. For this he was severely punished one day after p...

James Patterson Book List by Year

James Patterson Book List by Year Author  James Patterson releases several books every year, thrilling his fans with page-turners that are easy to read and entertaining. Many of his books are co-written with lesser-known authors, allowing him to write more than one man could on his own. Wondering if you have missed one of his releases? Complete List Of James Patterson Books By Year 1976 - The Thomas Berryman Number1977 - Season of the Machete1977 - The Jericho Commandment (published again in 1997 as See How They Run)1980 - Virgin1986 - Black Market (published again in 2000 as Black Friday)1988 - The Midnight Club1992 - Along Came A Spider (Alex Cross Series)1994 - Kiss the Girls (Alex Cross Series)1996 - Jack Jill (Alex Cross Series)1996 - Hide Seek1996 - Miracle on the 17th Green (with Peter De Jonge)1997 - See How They Run (published previously as The Jericho Commandment)1997 - Cat and Mouse (Alex Cross Series)1998 - When the Wind Blows1999 - Pop Goes the Weasel (Alex Cross Series)2000 - Black Friday (previously published in 1986 as Black Market)2000 - Cradle All (previously published in 1980 as Virgin)2000 - Roses are Red (Alex Cross Series)2001 - Violets are Blue (Alex Cross Series)2001 - Suzannes Diary for Nicholas2001 - 1st to Die (Womens Murder Club)2002 - Four Blind Mice (Alex Cross Series)2002 - Beach House(with Peter De Jonge) 2002 - 2nd Chance (Womens Murder Club, with Andrew Gross)2003 - The Big Bad Wolf (Alex Cross Series)2003 - The Jester(with Andrew Gross)2003 - The Lake House (sequel to When The Wind Blows)2004 - 3rd Degree (Womens Murder Club, with Andrew Gross)2004 - London Bridges (Alex Cross Series)2004 - Sams Letters to Jennifer2004 - Santa Kid2005 - 4th of July (Womens Murder Club, with Maxine Paetro)2005 - Mary, Mary (Alex Cross Series)2005 - Honeymoon(with Howard Roughan)2005 - Lifeguard(with Andrew Gross)2005 - Maximum Ride: The Angel Experiment2006 - Cross(Alex Cross Series)2006 - (with Peter De Jonge)2006 - Judge and Jury(with Andrew Gross)2006 - 5th Horseman (Womens Murder Club, with Maxine Paetro)2007 - Step on a Crack2007 - 6th Target  (Womens Murder Club Series)2007 - Double Cross  (Alex Cross Series)2008 - 7th Heaven  (Womens Murder Club Series)2008 - Maximum Ride #4: The Final Warning2008 - Sundays at Tiffanys2008 - Sail2008 - The Dangerous Days of Daniel X 2008 - Against Medical Advice2008 - Cross Country  (Alex Cross Series)2009 - The 8th Confession  (Womens Murder Club Series)2009 - Daniel X: Watch the Skies2009 - The Murder of King Tut2009 - Witch Wizard2009 - Alex Cross Trial  (Alex Cross Series)2009 - I, Alex Cross  (Alex Cross Series)2010 - Worst Case2010 - Fang2010 - The 9th Judgment  (Womens Murder Club Series)2010 - Dont Blink2010 - Private2010 - Postcard Killers2010 - Cross Fire  (Alex Cross Series)2010 - Witch Wizard: The Gift2011 - Tick Tock2011 - Angel2011 - Toys2011 -  Kill Alex Cross  (Alex Cross Series)2012 -  10th Anniversary  (Womens Murder Club Series)2012 - Private Games2012 - Private: #1 Suspect2012 - Guilty Wives2012 - 11th Hour  (Womens Murder Club Series)2012 - Middle School: Get Me Out of Here2012 - I, Michael Bennett2012 - Nevermore: The Final Maximum Ride Adventure2012 - Zoo2012 - Confessions of a Murder Suspect2012 - NYPD Red2012 - Daniel X: Armageddon 2012 - Merry Christmas, Alex Cross  (Alex Cross Series)2012 - I, Funny2013 - Private Berlin2013 - Witch Wizard: The Kiss2013 - Alex Cross, Run  (Alex Cross Series)2013 - Middle School: My Brother Is a Big, Fat Liar2013 - 12th of Never  (Womens Murder Club Series)2013 - Second Honeymoon2013 - Private Down Under2013 - Middle School: How I Survived Bullies, Broccoli, and Snake Hill2013 - Mistress2013 - Treasure Hunters2013 - Gone2013 - Confessions: The Private School Murders2013 - Cross My Heart  (Alex Cross Series)2013 - I Even Funnier2014 - First Love 2014 - Private L.A.2014 - NYPD Red 22014 - Middle School: Ultimate Showdown2014 - Unlucky 13  (Womens Murder Club Series)2014 - Invisible2014 - Middle School: Save Rafe2014 - Homeroom Diaries2014 - Private Down Under2014 - Danger Down The Nile2014 - Burn2014 - Confessions: The Paris Mysteries2014 - Private India2014 - Hope to Die  (Alex Cross Series)2014 - House of Robots2014 - The Lost 2015 - Private Vegas2015 - I Totally Funniest2015 - NYPD Red 32015 - Public School Superhero2015 - The Mystery Writers of America Cookbook2015 - 14th Deadly Sin  (Womens Murder Club Series)2015 - Maximum Ride Forever2015 - Truth or Die2015 - Just My Rotten Luck2015 - Lights Out2015 - Alert2015 - Private Syndey2015 - Secret of the Forbidden City2015 - The Murder House2015 - Confessions: The Murder of an Angel2015 - Cross Justice  (Alex Cross Series)2015 - Robots Go Wild!2015 - I Funny TV2016 - NYPD Red 42016 - Private Paris2016 - Jacky Ha-Ha2016 - 15th Affair  (Womens Murder Club Series)2016 - Ultimate Fight2016 - Private Rio2016 - Filthy Rich2016 - Humans, Bow Down2016 - Peril at the Top of the World2016 - Bullseye2016 - Woman of God2016 - From Hero to Zero2016 - Cross the Line  (Alex Cross Series)2017 - Middle School: Escape to Australia2017 - The Shut-In2017 - The End: An Owen Taylor Story2017 - Bedding the Highlander 2017 - The Black Book2017 - I Funny: School of Laughs2017 - Night Sniper2017 - After the End: An Owen Taylor Story2017 - Two from the Heart2017 - How to Be a Supervillain2017 - 16th Seduction (Womens Murder Club Series)2017 - Crazy House2017 - Juror #32017 - The Dolls2017 - Dr. Death2017 - Big Words for Little Geniuses

Personal Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Essays - Essay Example A community draws strength from its environment. I am passionate about the environment, and its contribution to the betterment of my community. I have served as a volunteer with the Central Oregon Trail Alliance, the Friends of the Deschutes River, and the Smith Rock Parks, getting down to the basics: cleaning, picking up and digging! With Girls On The Run, I have passed on my love for running, as the path to empowerment and self-confidence, to other girls. Living in harmony with nature, and testing the limits of one’s physical and mental endurance, is my way to an inclusive, caring community. My love for traveling, which has taken me to twenty-two countries, has made me appreciate diverse cultures and the underlying goodness of people all over the world. I have studied Spanish for five years, and have spent a summer in beautiful Mexico: it was a learning experience beyond compare. I threw myself into everything, from salsa to mole sauce. My seventy-year-old hostess, who lived, shopped and cooked independently, was also a devout Catholic and doting mother, and a revelation to me! I have come to acknowledge that there is no one, cast-iron, way to do the right thing. My travels in the Middle East, particularly in Egypt, brought home to me the sad fact that the gender bias, which is so alien to us Americans, is very much a part of the life of women in many parts of the world. As a woman of no religious affiliation, with uncovered head and independent attitude, I was dismayed and even intimidated, by the hostility I sometimes encountered.

Whether or not euthanasia should be allowed in the USA Research Paper

Whether or not euthanasia should be allowed in the USA - Research Paper Example In case of legalization of Euthanasia, the act should be legalized because a major chunk of the population is supporting it and the support is increasing. PEW research reports that within a period of eight years the support for legalization of euthanasia has increased from 47% to 49% (PEW 1). Euthanasia should be allowed in United States because it is an ethically correct decision. According to the ethical decision making system of utilitarianism, only those acts and decisions are correct that result in the heights amount of happiness of the society (Su 65). Euthanasia relieves the patient as well as their family members from severe emotional and physical pain and helps in solving their financial issues. Therefore, euthanasia is an ethical act and should be allowed. Euthanasia is mainly administered to patients who are suffering from a deadly disease such as cancer. Due to this the patient and his family members experience ample amount of stress emotionally, financially as well as physically. According to Farina, per patient per year cost of cancer management ranges around $60K to $90K. Euthanasia is a way to end all these sufferings of the patient and other stake holders. Euthanasia should be allowed in United States as the major percentage of the population is US support it and the support is increasing. It should be allowed because it is ethically correct under the light of utilitarian code of ethics. Allowing euthanasia in US will decrease the emotional, physical and financial burden of the patient and other

Effective Habits Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Effective Habits Worksheet Essay Review Phoenix Career Plan results of Career Plan Building Activity: Work Culture Preference, respond to the following in 50 to 100 words each: 1.Describe your ideal study environment. My ideal study environment has to be in a quit and organized place. I like to listen to soft classical music in the background while I study. My dominant intelligences is Visual, Verbal, and Interpersonal. Learning while I listen to music helps me focus. Having my desk organized, I spend less time digging through files and books to find the information I need for my studying. 2.List some of the distractions that might hinder your study progress or your performance in an online classroom. There are few distractions that can hinder anyone’s studying progress. With the online classroom, you need to go on the internet. There are many interesting pop-up ads and web site that will get your attention. Social community web sites such as Facebook can also distract your studying habit. The internet can be helpful in many ways, but it can also hinder your studying progress. 3.What actions can you take to manage and eliminate distractions? The best way to eliminate distractions is to set your homepage to the University of Phoenix web site. You should also bock any pop-up advertisement through internet options settings. Keep your desk organize for you to easily locate the things near your surroundings. This will help you focus on the subject your studying. 4.How will you apply your personal learning style? How does your personal Learning style affect your study habits? After finding out my VARK score, this gave me the best way for me to learn using different strategies. I have learned that I am better with Visual learning strategies. I will be more focused with underlining my notes, use symbols, charts, or graphs to display my notes. This will be more effective and going back to my notes will help me remember the lesson I have learned. 5.List 5 effective study strategies from this week that you will use. Explain why you selected them and why they are effective strategies for online learning. 1.Making studying into a part of my daily routine. Even with the busy schedule that I have, having it as my daily routine will allow me to go online and follow my syllabus and stay on track with my learning habit. This is also effective for online learners because, it is self-studies and you need to manage your time wisely to achieve your success. Your professors are not there to check up on you daily. 2.Collaborate with others will help me with the understanding of the topics. They can provide with the ideas that I haven’t thought of. Going into the discussion form, you can chat with others and express your own opinions to get feedbacks. This will help the online learns since they are not in the class room environment. 3.Trying to get more sleep daily. This is something I really focused this week. Sleeping will reduce your stress level and help you focus more on the topic. Online learners might be busy with their schedules. This is something they all should consider. It will improve your personal as well. 4.Following a regular exercise program is something I am going to try. Exercising is also related to stress level. It is very difficult to focus when you are stressed. The best way to release stress is to exercise. Exercise will help everyone who are studying online. 5.Getting a tutor will be something I will use later in the difficult courses. With my current busy schedule, it is very difficult keeping up with the subjects. Having a tutor will help me with the things I missed. This will help the online learners in the same way that I did. 6.Identify one change you can make immediately to increase the effectiveness of your study habits. Explain how this will help you become more effective. Making studying into a part of my daily routine will be the most effective way to increase the effectiveness of my studying. Set myself with a fixed time schedule and always committed to the studying schedules, As long as I follow the schedule well, this will change my daily routine and I will always make an appointment around my studying time. 7.How does your personal learning style relate to your ideal workplace and your personal work competencies? With my personal learning style, I am likely to gain more from visual, verbal, and interpersonal environment. With my work culture, I am better with teamwork centered and leadership intensive. This relates to my interpersonal skills and I share information with others and teach the information as well. This can also relate to my competencies strengths. I have well organizing skills which tells me that it also relates to my personal learning style, 8.How is understanding your ideal learning environment applicable to selecting your ideal workplace? Understanding you ideal learning environment, you will have the knowledge how to make it more effective and how to learn in a stress free environment. Everyone has a different ways to learn. Once you have mastered how to effectively study with you learning habit, you can look for a position which will allow you to work more effectively and produce the most profit for the company.

The Internet And The Future Of Tv Essay -- Television TV

Imagine a day when you would be in total control of creating your own TV channel lineup. Instead of subscribing to a service from a cable, satellite or phone company that might offer you hundreds of channels you'll never watch, you would be able to select what you want and watch it on your own schedule. That day might not be so far away. Slowly but surely, content that's broadcast over cable networks and through satellite providers is being distributed through the public Internet. News.context What's new: A lot of the technology is in place to deliver TV content via the Internet, where content providers could bypass cable and satellite services and deliver programming directly to viewers. Bottom line: While content providers have no intention of giving up on traditional TV service, they are watching Internet TV developments carefully. Most are moving gingerly into the market, making sure digital rights issues are properly addressed, that they can maintain control over content once it's on the Web, and that there is adequate demand for the service. More stories on this topic In terms of the technology, all the elements are falling into place to deliver high-quality video from the Net directly to viewers in their living rooms. Software has been developed to ensure the quality of video distributed over the Net. And companies such as Microsoft and Cisco Systems' Linksys home division are developing products that enable Internet video to be viewed on TV sets instead of only on PC screens. Apple Computer, which has changed the music industry with its iPod music players and iTunes music store, is trying to do the same thing in the video market. Earlier this month it introduced an iPod that plays videos, and launch... ... Previous Next Comcast, the largest cable company in the United States, already provides an extensive library of on-demand movies. On Wednesday it announced it would provide an additional 250 movies every month to its digital cable customers at no extra charge. In total, Comcast customers will be able to select from about 800 movies each month. Comcast says that its video-on-demand programming is extremely popular. The company has already surpassed one billion total on-demand program views for the year, eclipsing last year's total of 567 million views. "The traditional TV market is not dead," said Kontiki's Sahadi. "Multiple models will evolve. Broadband penetration and improvements in digital rights management are helping push content providers to look toward the Web. But there will always be people who want to subscribe to a traditional television service."

Malunggay Essay

Theoretical Framework The following theories provide framework of this research. This study was anchored on the Theory of Kramer (1995). â€Å"The Texture Measurements of Foods: Psychological Fundamental, Sensory, Mechanical, and Chemical Procedures, and their Interrelationships (1995),† that sensory quality of foods, being a psycho-physical phenomenon, should be systemized or classified accordance with the sense by which the various attributes of quality are perceived by the consumer. The following attributes are used to determine and measure the quality of a product: appearance, taste, texture and aroma. As positioned by the author appearance includes factors such as size, shape, color, and external attributes such as the attractiveness of the icon or logo. Size and shapes are measurements often used as grade standards or to differentiate between items. The assessment of size and shape is often a subjective process although, for many products, visual guide have been developed. Color is the primary indicatory of maturity is the result of the type and quan tity of pigments in the product. Changes in color are often related to freshness or deterioration of the product. Color can be measured by many visual or mechanical methods. On the other hand, taste is the perception of chemical compounds on the tongue and other nerve endings of the mouth. The basic tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent. Sweetness is directly related to sugars into the food and the sugar to acid ratio. Sourness is the result of the organic acids present. Compounds such as those in citrus fruits or coffee usually impart bitterness, where astringency is often the result of tannins such as the phenolic compounds in grapes (Kramer, 1995). Also, texture is â€Å"the composite of those properties which arise from the structural elements of a product, and the manner in which this composite registrars with the physiological sense† (Szczesniak, 2005). Most textural characteristics, except firmness are evaluated as mouth feels, i.e. the impression on the tongue, palate and teeth. In production , common textural characteristics include tenderness, crispiness, crunchiness, chewiness, and fibrousness. Texture is generally determined by measuring force applied to the food. Lastly, aroma is the sum of the compounds perceived by the nose. It is very difficult to determine objectively since it is a combination of qualitative predominant and quantitative traits in a food product. Fruits and vegetables are rich in  aromatic compounds; many of which are yet to be identified. Thus, in identifying the quality of the ordinary meat burger patties and the quality of the new product innovation which is the malunggay burger patty, the researchers used Kramer’s classification of quality to collect the raw data from the respondents. Another theory to support this study is the â€Å"Diffusion of Innovations Theory† by Thurber and Fahey (2009). This theory is used to describe well the evidence for growth and adoption of dietary Malunggay or Moringa oleifera and it highlights the need for a scientific consensus on the nutritional benefits. Diffusion is the process by which an innovat ion is communicated through curtain channels over time among the members of a social system. According to Thurber and Fahey (2009), the rate of adoption and possibilities of over adoption can be predicted using five characteristics of a new innovation. In order for Moringa oleifera to be adopted and for its wide spread use to be promoted, evidence must be provided for the following attributes: The first attribute is called Relative Advantage which is the extent to which an innovation is perceived as being better or more useful than the idea it supersedes. Then, it is followed by the Compatibility which means the measure of how well an innovation is consistent with existing social and cultural practices, if it is likeable, and whether it meets the need of potential adopters. On the other hand Complexity is the level to which the innovation is perceived to be difficult to understand or use. Another attribute is Observability which is used to describe how well the results of the innovation can be seen and communicated to others. And finally, Trialability which refers to the ability of an innovation to be experimented with. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory is used to determine the rate of adaptation of the Malunggay or Moringa oleifera. Using this theory, it will give accurate knowledge on the effectiveness and health benefits of Malunggay or Moringa oleifera shall be known. Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of this research shall focus on the independent variables such as the respondent’s age, gender and grade level. Likewise, the dependent variables of the study are the respondent’s evaluation regarding the product in terms of appearance, taste, texture and aroma. Once these dimensions are known, a proposed Food Feeding Program shall be formulated.

Jury of her peers Essay

After the first reading 1. What do the women think happened at the farm? The women thought Mrs. Wright might have murdered her own husband. After the second reading 2. What is the climax of the story (When in the story does the narrative take a turn)? The story’s climax is when there are more evidences compiled at the end (the dead bird, broken cage, abuse, marital oppression) this turns the story to Minnie Foster as a victim and not as a criminal. 3. How well does this story fit the model of the stages of narrative? The story shows all the stages of narrative in correct order (intro, rising action, climax, falling action) except that the conclusion is left for the readers to think. 4. What other things do you notice? The women were not allowed to be jurors but in this story, they outsmarted their husbands/men in collecting evidences that would point to who the victim and who the murderer was. The strongest evidences would be the abuse and loneliness experienced by Mrs. Wright and the irony of how the bird and Mr. Wright were killed in the same way. 5. What questions do you still have? Â  Will the women tell their husbands/men what they saw? Will the women stand up at the trial for the evidences?

Business Environment The WritePass Journal

Business Environment Introduction Business Environment ). This clearly shows increased demand for reservations. Another example of the specificity of demand could refer to a time when a famous artist dies, implying he would not be producing more artworks. This reflects in increased demand for his art. An example of the law of supply in business relates to a situation in which many immigrant workers arrive to a city and demonstrate extensive willingness to be considered for employment at low wages. Yet the number of such workers is greater than the number of available jobs, resulting in the excess supply of workers and thus driving wages down (Burrows III 2012). Moreover, one may consider that wheat crops are widely available throughout the year, implying there is an excessive quantity of wheat than consumers would usually purchase (Prasch 2008). In an attempt to overcome the challenge associated with the excess supply, farmers would be forced to decrease the price of wheat, indicating that the price is reduced for everyone. Such examples show that the forces of demand and supply are fundamental in determining the pricing decisions and sales of organisations, including the respective pricing structure of VAA. An increase in air passenger tax apparently results in high prices of air travel set by VAA. Such pricing factor indicates a negative trend in terms of discouraging passengers to use air travel services (Moon 2013). In addition, specific policies affecting fuel supply and price demonstrate a negative impact on the airline’s sustainability. Supply decisions by oil suppliers represent certain patterns that eventually lead to the rise of fuel prices (Burrow III 2012). As a result, the adoption of a relevant risk management strategy is a priority to the airline. It has been demonstrated that the risk is segregated in different sections in order to ensure that the potential occurrence of a failure would not bring the entire group down. This is done with the idea to control the effect of the fuel p rice risk as well as the company’s pricing decisions and sales. PEST Analysis and Impact on the Behaviour of VAA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VAA is a strong, distinct brand mostly because of corporate image and its reputation for providing adequate corporate service and persistent innovations in the airline industry. Examples of such innovations relate to first entertainment system and first in-flight beauty treatment to its passengers. As part of conducting a PEST analysis of VAA, it is important to consider the role of the environment prior to initiating marketing operations (Salai and Znidersic 2011). The political environmental aspect is associated with governmental intervention, services merit, interest rate and taxation policy. In an attempt to consider the political-legal environment in which VAA operates, individuals may refer to the opening of Heathrow Airport to the company in 1991. The basic idea was to ensure a balanced approach to managing air traffic between Heathrow Airport and Gatwick Airport. Moreover, economic issues are important for the behaviour of the airl ine. Such issues indicate a relevant concern with deregulation. The constant evolution of the industry has an essential role on determining and maintaining stability of low air prices (Macsai 2009). From an economical perspective, VAA is mainly concerned with increasing fuel cost and environmental restrictions such as insurance cost and higher security. VAA has always considered the trading economy in its short-term and long-term dimensions. The third aspect of the PEST tool is the socio-cultural dimension. The airline has extensively considered the importance of differing attitudes of customers located in different regions. In this way, VAA is oriented towards ensuring a flexible socio-cultural approach in an attempt to understand the practical implications of such influence (Salai and Znidersic 2011). Therefore, the company always tends to recruit quality staff regardless of low income as a result of the recent UK recession. VAA’s employees are focused on providing passengers an ultimate entertaining experience in the air by complying with their needs and preferences (Soares et al. 2007). Considering cultural diversity in its entirety is a main socio-cultural priority of VAA. In its behaviour, the airline has asserted its appreciation of technology as it persistently helps the company meets the expectations of its passengers. The implementation of high technologies is among the top priorities of the organisation. Innovations are integral part of the company’s aim to provide a comfortable and relaxing experience to customers (Salai and Znidersic 2011). Innovative practices based on the entertainment aspect show that the airline goes beyond the expectations of passengers. Thus, technology in VAA has a strong impact on the company’s strategic planning activities (Soares et al. 2007). Such extensive focus on technology may further reflect in significant advancements such as distribution and cost synergies facilitated through adequate technology solutions, web-page development, e-marketing and advertising activities. As mentioned, the airline highly values cultural diversity and tries its best to confront any culturally based inequity or injustice. Therefore, VAA demonstrates open and flexible culture based on high employee morale and relevant job satisfaction (Virgin Atlantic Official Website 2014). VAA indicates the importance of a power culture by focusing on constant innovations and delivering an optimal experience to its customers and employees. This shows that VAA has the potential to move quickly in the right direction and achieve its goals (Gosling 2013). There is little bureaucracy within the organisation, which contributes to the proper assignment of roles and responsibilities among the staff thereby increasing the chance of delivering optimal customer service. How Will VAA Benefit from International Trade? International trade represents a fundamental element of success for contemporary global organisations. International trade can significantly contribute to increased sales of VAA. The airline will benefit from international trade because of the importance the company places on commercial flights. By targeting international trade, VAA will spread its operations across different global locations (Gosling 2013). In other words, the most substantial benefit of international trade in the context of VAA refers to a significant sales market, implying flexible opportunities for market expansion. This can also help the airline build a positive image in various countries throughout the world (McLaren 2012). Thus, the company is expected to involve in extensive market research in order to explore different opportunities for international trade in specific locations. By entering the field of international trade, VAA can enjoy significant benefits of being a global airline. Global Factors Impact on the Activities of VAA VAA is a multinational company operating in different parts of the world. This means that global factors can affect the activities of the airline in certain ways. Changes in customer preferences across different world locations are one of those factors (McLaren 2012). Demographic trends also represent an important global factor that can influence the company’s operations. Moreover, it should be indicated that the increasing fuel prices and the global recession show trends that negatively affect the sales of VAA. The airline along with other competitors in the industry faces persistent global challenges from economic, political and social nature (Salai and Znidersic 2011). The dynamic scrutiny placed on security personnel and passengers’ baggage additionally complicates the global activities of VAA. However, it is expected that the constant progression of technology would expand the global presence of the airline. Impact of European Union Policies on the Activities of VAA One of the policies of the European Union is based on reductions in the obstacles of cross border trade and agreement. This would reflect in expanding VAA’s capacity to provide services to passengers in different locations with fewer restrictions in place (Harvey 2012). Moreover, such policy can have a positive impact on facilitating the airline’s flexibility in terms of frequency, capacity and price of certain routes determined between two or more countries. Such flexibility would mainly relate to VAA’s freedom to operate a particular route with adequate frequency and aircraft. Another EU policy can have an impact on the activities of VAA, respectively the harmonisation or approximation of technical and safety standards on substantial number of products and services (Harvey 2012). The airline is concerned with ensuring adequate safety by conducting monitoring activities. Other EU policies, such as closer approximation of excise duties and fiscal barriers as well as the removal of legal obstacles to trade have significantly alleviated VAA’s global expansion into different locations. Task Two Market Economic Systems A free market economic system does not place any restrictions on setting prices and supplying goods. It indicates the lack of economic intervention and regulation, with the exception to enforce private contracts and arrange specific conditions pertaining to the ownership of property. In such system the government has a neutral influence on the maintenance and legislation of economic activity (Sirico 2012). In fact, the role of the government reflects in either regulating industries or protecting them from various market pressures. In this way, a primary characteristic of a free market system is ownership, implying that almost all of the country’s factors of production emerge as privately owned. The specificity of the legal system allows the government to uphold the property rights of private individuals. In terms of objectives, all stakeholders in a free market economy system turn out determined by pure self-interest. From the perspective of consumers, welfare is maximised; th en, companies tend to maximise profits, and private individuals owning the factors of production try their best to maximise rents. Other important characteristics of a free market economic system include free enterprise, the precise level of competition, and the conditions of the pricing system. In order to clarify the concept of free enterprise, it is essential to note that companies usually try to sell anything they wish. Therefore, they provide effective responses to consumers, who can purchase anything that is sold by producers. The level of completion is quite high within this economic system due to the common assumption that virtually any market is extensively competitive in nature. The lack of barriers to entry or exit additionally intensifies the force of competition (Sirico 2012). The pricing system works on the principle of competition and thus the price mechanism allocates the resources available in the respective economy. Another major economic system is command, which is completely opposite to the free market economic system. A command economic system emerges with a powerful government sector and places importance on the subordinate position of employees and consumers. The government owns almost all of the country’s factors of production, as labour are the only exclusion (Castells 2011). All stakeholders in a command economic system, including employees, consumers and the government, focus on working for the common good. Unlike the free market economic system, the command economic system has no free enterprise. In addition, the level of competition is low; hence there is no price mechanism available simply because the government is responsible for setting the prices (Sirico 2012). The command economic system indicates the importance of a planning mechanism in the sense of considering the government’s fundamental role in planning the proper use of all available resources. The third type of economy system is mixed, which includes aspects of both the free market and command economic systems. An essential feature of the mixed economic system is that certain economic decisions are made by individuals in the market (Castells 2011). Nonetheless, the government has a particular impact on the allocation and distribution of resources. The most significant question facing mixed economic systems refers to finding the right mix between the public and private sectors of the economy. In practice, the mixed economic system indicates the presence of both privately-owned and state-owned enterprises (Farrant and McPhail 2009). Therefore, there is a certain degree of private economic freedom within the respective system as well as centralised economic planning. I believe that the mixed economic system allocates resources more effectively than the other two systems. In a mixed economy both market forces and government decisions are of equal importance, which contributes to the optimal allocation of resources. Yet market forces turn out to prevail in the mixed economic system (Farrant and McPhail 2009). The role of the government in such system is precisely determined to reflect fair and equal distribution of resources. In addition, the government is responsible for providing different forms of welfare which help the development of the economy. The fact that the mixed economic system combines features from the free market and command systems is indicative of its efficacy considering the benefits obtained from two types or approaches of resources allocation and distribution (Castells 2011). Yet it can be concluded that all economies in reality turn out mixed economies despite differences in the precise mix and balance between public and privat e sectors. Task Three Market Structures Prices and output decisions of organisations extensively depend on costs because companies always try to maximise their profits. Profit maximisation occurs at a point where marginal revenue is almost equal to marginal cost (Sutton 2007). If companies consider cost structure, then they usually mean the size and the precise ratio of capital to labour. Although these aspects present certain factors in prices and output decisions, they are identified as long term decisions rather than short-term decisions. Yet it is essential to mention that in the long run all costs emerge as variable. In a perfect competitive market, the presence of many buyers and sellers is evident, implying each one of them is a price taker and all sellers tend to supply the same products to customers (Villas-Boas 2007). However, in the long run companies are required to freely enter or exit the respective market. Furthermore, a perfect competitive market indicates that organisations are unable to control prices due to the fact that goods have perfect substitutes. This results in a quite substantial number of sellers and buyers, which facilitates companies’ ability to enter and exit the market. Therefore, in a perfect competitive market, prices are determined in accordance with a collective principle by market supply and demand. The demand curve appears perfectly elastic (Villas-Boas 2007). Even though companies in a perfect competitive market are unable to control prices, they at least can exert control upon the level of output which is closely associated with the profit-maximising level. In turn, a perfect competitive market is identified as ensuring pure allocative efficiency (Belleflamme and Peitz 2010). The allocation of resources occurs in such a manner to allow maximum net benefit, and thus consumers would be able to obtain more goods at lower prices than other market structures. The concept of monopoly suggests a market in which a single producer turns out to control the entire supply of goods which have no any close substitutes. Under the specific conditions of monopoly, the distinction between a single company and industry is invalid because of the sole presence of one producer (Sutton 2007). It has been indicated that the monopolistic market system imposes restrictions on the entry of new companies. As a result of such extensive control over the supply of products in the market, the monopolist tends to generate substantial profit in both the short run and in the long run. In this context, cost curves reflect only one level of output that can be produced at lowest cost. In this way, monopolists are able to determine both price and output (Belleflamme and Peitz 2010). Price is usually higher and output is lower in monopoly unlike the situation in a perfect competitive market. In monopolistic competition, companies are also oriented in a direction to maximise profits. However, monopolistic competitive mechanisms of determining prices and output decisions indicate adequate control of organisations (Villas-Boas 2007). They are able to control prices due to product differentiation. Yet the precise amount that consumers prefer to pay is closely associated with their preference for various products in the market. In monopolistic competition, the substitution effect and the income effect appear important for determining prices and output decisions. Therefore, the demand curve in monopolistic competition is downward sloping (Belleflamme and Peitz 2010). Yet such preferences may not be that influential predictor of determining consumers’ purchasing decisions. For instance, if the prices of particular products are significantly increased, then consumers may prefer cheaper alternatives because of the influence of the substitution effect and the income effect altogether. In such system of competition, society needs to pay much more for goods than the cost needed by companies to produce those goods. However, it is improper to claim that an imperfect competitive market lacks efficiency (Sutton 2007). Society apparently values product differentiation because of the consumers’ willingness to pay higher prices for goods identified with cheaper substitutes. In a perfect competitive market, the focus is on attaining product homogenous characteristics in terms of providing goods that are perfect substitutes (Twomey and Neuhoff 2010). This aspect indicates that companies in a perfect competitive market are more likely to earn normal profit unlike monopolists that generate substantial profit. Moreover, oligopolies represent another type of market structure. Oligopolies usually consist of a few organisations, each with a substantial share of the market. Nevertheless, cost structures are the same as in other market systems because of the necessity for companies to maximise profits in the market (Sutton 2007). Unlike a perfect competitive market and monopolistic competition, oligopolies indicate higher market prices and lower output. Yet organisations in oligopolies present a unique feature in the sense of demonstrating the trend of not increasing or lowering prices. This is simply done because of the elasticity of demand at higher prices and inelasticity of demand at lower prices (Twomey and Neuhoff 2010). In other words, the process of increasing and lowering prices would most probably result in substantial revenue losses. Even though there are costs to society in oligopoly, the market price does not indicate the scarcity or extensive availability of input resources. Conclusion The paper indicated a relevant structure of three parts in order to provide sufficient details about the discussed problems. The first part of the assignment considered the performance of VAA and how different external factors affect its presence in the airline industry. The second part was associated with providing evidence on allocating and distributing resources in free market, command economic system and mixed economic system. This part not only listed the specific characteristics of the mentioned systems but also ensured insights into the greater effectiveness of the mixed economic system that the free market and command economic systems. The third task explored the way in which prices and output decisions are determined in four distinct market systems such as a perfect competitive market, monopoly, monopolistic competition and oligopoly. References Belleflamme, P. and Peitz, M. (2010) Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press British Red Cross Official Website (2014) History and Origin [Online]. Available at: redcross.org.uk/About-us/Who-we-are/History-and-origin [Accessed: 8 May 2014]. Burrows III, R. P. (2012) The Market-Driven Supply Chain: A Revolutionary Model for Sales and Operations Planning in the New On-Demand Economy, New York, AMACOM Castells, M. (2011) The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture, New York, Wiley Farrant, A. and McPhail, E. (2009) ‘Hayek, Samuelson, and the Logic of the Mixed Economy?’, Journal of Economic Behavior Organization, Vol. 69(1) pp5-16 Gosling, E. (2013) ‘Virgin Atlantic Launches Little Red Domestic Flight Service’, Design Week, pp5-5 Harvey, F. (2012) EU Energy Policy Drives Changes in UK-with Mixed Results. The Guardian [Online]. Available at: theguardian.com/environment/2012/jan/25/eu-energy-policy-changes-uk [Accessed: 8 May 2014]. Macsai, D. (2009) ‘Virgin Atlantic’s 25th Anniversary’, Fast Company, 136 pp28-28 McLaren, J. (2012) International Trade, New York, Wiley Moon, M. A. (2013) Demand and Supply Integration: The Key to World-Class Demand Forecasting, Upper Saddle River, FT Press Office of Fair Trading (2011) Virgin Atlantic Airways: Immunity Review [Online]. Available at: oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/ca-and-cartels/OFT1398.pdf [Accessed: 8 May 2014]. O’Kane, M. and Nakhwai, J. (2013) Change to the Cartel Offence by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013. Practical Law: A Thomson Reuters Legal Solution [Online]. Available at: http://uk.practicallaw.com/1-530-5199?source=relatedcontent [Accessed: 8 May 2014]. Osborne, A. (2010) Recession Cut Air Travel Demand by a Quarter, Finds Civil Aviation Authority. The Telegraph [Online]. Available at: telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8224099/Recession-cut-air-travel-demand-by-a-quarter-finds-Civil-Aviation-Authority.html [Accessed: 8 May 2014]. Prasch, R. E. (2008) How Markets Work: Supply, Demand and the Real World, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Salai, S. and Znidersic, R. K. (2011) ‘Marketing Research in the Contemporary Consumer Environment’, Management Information Systems, Vol. 6(4) pp15-22 Sirico, R. A. (2012) Defending the Free Market: The Moral Case for a Free Economy, Washington, Regnery Publishing Soares, A. M., Farhangmehr, M. and Shoham, A. (2007) ‘Hofstede’s Dimensions of Culture in International Marketing Studies’, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 60 pp277-284 Sutton, J. (2007) Sunk Costs and Market Structure: Price Competition, Advertising, and the Evolution of Concentration, Massachusetts, The MIT Press Twomey, P. and Neuhoff, K. (2010) ‘Wind Power and Market Power in Competitive Markets’, Energy Policy, Vol. 38(7) pp3198-3210 Villas-Boas, S. B. (2007) ‘Vertical Relationships between Manufacturers and Retailers: Inference with Limited Data’, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 74(2) pp625-652 Virgin Atlantic Official Website (2014) About Us [Online]. Available at: virgin-atlantic.com/gb/en/footer/about-us.html [Accessed: 8 May 2014].

Amide Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Amide Definition and Examples in Chemistry An amide is a functional group containing a carbonyl group linked to a nitrogen atom  or any compound containing the amide functional group. Amides are derived from carboxylic acid and an amine. Amide is also the name for the inorganic anion NH2. It is the conjugate base of ammonia (NH3). Examples of Amides Examples of amides include carboxamides, sulfonamides, and phosphoramides. Nylon is a polyamide. Several drugs are amides, including LCD, penicillin, and paracetamol. Uses of Amides Amides may be used to form resilient structural materials (e.g., nylon, Kevlar). Dimethylformamide is an important organic solvent. Plants produce amides for a variety of functions. Amides are found in many drugs. Sources March, Jerry (2013). Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure (7th ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0470462591.Monson, Richard (1971). Advanced Organic Synthesis: Methods and Techniques. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0124336803.Montalbetti, Christian A. G. N.; Falque, Virginie (2005). Amide bond formation and peptide coupling. Tetrahedron. 61 (46): 10827–10852. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.031

Scholarly Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scholarly Project - Essay Example Such writings made it possible for future generation to know the culture of Native Americans as well as their contribution to American life. Therefore, it can be observed that the Native Americans made some significant contribution. The following are some of the most significant contributions of Native Americans to American life and culture namely; they made a significant role in maintaining the land by ensuring that the ecology was in good condition. For example, Native Americans could not destroy the land or kill an animal that they did not use instead they preserved it for the sake of future generation. Secondly, Native Americans made a significant contribution in agriculture; they grew food like potatoes, pepper, sunflower tomatoes, corns, sunflowers, to mention just but a few. It has been reported that Native Americans made a significant contribution prior the coming of European settlers in America. For example, they shared their food and farming method with the European settler s who came to settle in the Northern parts of America. Research indicates that most of the groups such as scouts and played in the present America were invented by the Native American. Example of those games includes; American soccer, tag of war-games to mention just but a few (Nabokov, 197-390). In above connection, Native Americans made a profound contribution in terms of the present administration system in America. It was reported that the idea of having a federal government in the United State was borrowed from the Native Americans where administrative power were distributed to the central government and states. Moreover, the Native American made a great contribution in the field of medicine, they used to each plants that are reached in Vitamin to prevent certain diseases like scurvy, they passed this idea to the Europeans who later passed it to the present American natives. Moreover,

What is the Taboo Thesis The works of Gorer, Walter, Moller and Cline Essay

What is the Taboo Thesis The works of Gorer, Walter, Moller and Cline - Essay Example This phobia against death has made people avoid discussing death in public and today it has become a taboo, like pornography was in the medieval ages. Sociologists and thinkers such as Gorer, Moller and Cline have studied the subject in great detail with solid research and study and have recognized the changed behavior of people towards death. Instead of accepting its existence and getting on with the reality that we have to leave this world one day, people deny death and this is reflected in their behavior towards death rituals and gatherings. Discussing about death or the deceased person is considered to be strange in the society. People that talk of death or the deceased people face prudery at the hands of their social environment. And thus death has become a taboo, something not worth talking about. The scenario was not alike in the past; in fact this is a modern day development. This transition in the reactions of people with respect to death, as noted, studied and explained by Gorer and his proponents is known as Taboo Thesis. In this paper discussion will be made on the following thesis statement, â€Å"Death, today, is treated as a fearsome, alien phenomena and has become a taboo, with lesser and lesser people concerned about it. â€Å" Contribution from Gorer Geoffrey Gorer, born in 1905, was a renowned English Anthropologist. He spent his life in understanding the nature of humans and how do they get along with different variation in their lives. One of his greatest contributions to the field of Sociology is his work and research on the notion of death, the transition that it has been through the ages and its prevalent status in the current world order, categorically UK. Very interestingly Gorer compares the treatment of death in the modern society with that of the notion of pornography in the Victorian Era. This creative and analytical thinking ability of Gorer made him stand out of other thinkers and anthropologists and thus his work has become ex ceedingly significant for socialists in order to expand their horizons of study on death or other related areas (Gorer 1955). Gorer compares the treatment of the notion of pornography in the Victorian era with that of the treatment of death in the contemporary world. In the Victorian era pornography was considered to be a highly intimate affair and discussion in public was considered to be an â€Å"eye-brow† raising issue that would lead to prudery in the society if projected. Gorer does not approve of such reactions as he believes that copulation and sex are issues known to people in general so veiling them does not make a lot of sense as people tend to speak about issues that they are aware of, so the same must hold true for pornography as well. This argument is aesthetically forwarded by Gorer regarding death and reaction of people to it in the contemporary world. Gorer opines that death is as big a truth in life as life itself, but today people try to evade from its exist ence in a manner that is similar to the Victorian era where people avoided sex and obscenity related discussions in public. Gorer believes that the society is distancing itself from the acceptance of a universal fact and truth and perhaps this is something that one would agree with as well (Gorer 1955). A contemporary example Let’s consider the Somalian drought, termed as the â€Å"worst humanitarian crisis† by the UN. It is on the verge of engulfing the lives of more than 700,000 humans in the months to come. This drought has shown the real face of humans to them, but it is such a pity that we still don’t care. No matter how steep the death toll is, no matter how severe a disaster is we just continue living

Yum Brands China Business Strategy Research Paper

Yum Brands China Business Strategy - Research Paper Example Yum Brands Inc. entered the Chinese market in 1987, considering the fact that during this period, the Chinese economy had rapidly grown after its liberalization. The company was one of the early players in the Chinese restaurants’ business, which has enabled it to establish its operations in the Chinese market firmly. The company’s entry into China has provided Chinese consumers with a new and unique dining experience, where they get customized and clean ambiance service. The Yum Brand Inc. business strategies have focused on menus that include both western and local consumables, with focus being directed towards offering customer preferences in each province. Business Strategies The business strategy of Yum Brand Inc. in China encompasses providing a variety of consumables, customer preferences, franchise relationships, and employing locals to key positions of the company. The company focused on strategies of employing locals in its key positions alongside delivering s ervices according to customer preferences, which vary from one province to another. The company also has established franchise relationships and built its own logistics and distributions network. Moreover, the company has been keen on its business strategy of developing new markets through establishing widespread restaurant chains in China division to increase its market share. Apparently, mainland China is Yum Brands’ leading market according to worldwide restaurant development (Enz, 2010, p.945). Internationally, the company has built a vibrant global entity by focusing on key business strategies such as establishing leading brands all over the Chinese market, driving aggressive expansion of the international market, and building franchise value and long-term shareholders for industry needs. The Company has built a unique business culture that is filled with exciting opportunities and energy for both employees and customers. According to executives, the company believes in the people, encourages ideas from all and sundry, and trusts in positive intentions of its people. Through this, the company has been able to bring about diversity in style in its business operations and consumables, considering that customer needs and preferences can be best met through diversity. In a bid to establish a huge market for base in the Chinese market, Yum Brands Inc. in Beijing sought to take over the Little Sheep Group limited, which operates a popular chain in China. This move is among the many global business growth strategies, which have seen the company penetrating and establishing its groping in the largest Chinese market. The Chinese market of casual dining was seen to grow expansively, which befits the Yum Brands move to grow beyond the chicken and Pizza market being concentrated on by Pizza Hut outlets and KFC. The company’s stake holdings in the Little Sheep limited operations have enable massive growth on foodservice operators’ growth. Mergers and take over strategies being put in place by the company have propelled its market penetration in China to greater heights, although government regulatory measures have limited its international bid. The Little Sheep Company has contributed to Yum Brand Inc’s great leap forward in winning in China market due to its widespread operations of the cuisine where patrons are able to cook meat and vegetables themselves. China’s great market embraced such kind of an idea with enthusiasm, and thus enabling Yum Brand Inc. to take root into the market. The market has since grown tremendously, with the company adding up its popularity by introducing consumables such as seafood-topped pizza and fried

Cytotoxic Activities and Synthesis of Plumbagin

Cytotoxic Activities and Synthesis of Plumbagin 3.1  Introduction Plants produce a large number of diverse natural products or secondary metabolites which are involved in the normal cell growth, development or reproduction of organisms. Some of these compounds offer protection against herbivores and microbial pathogens, while others are involved in defense against abiotic stress, such as UV-B exposure Many of the secondary metabolites have interesting biological properties, which make them desirable candidates for optimization of drug discovery and development processes. The quinonic moiety is considered by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) as an important biologically scaffold for the development of new bioactive compounds with good levels of cytotoxicity. Clinically important several well-known antitumoral drugs containing a quinone moiety such as anthracyclines, doxorubicin, mitomycin and mitoxantrones and saintopin which are possess a quinonoid structure. These compounds have also been identified as privileged structures due to their biological activity and structural properties that have been linked to the stimulation of oxidative stress and alkylation of cellular nucleophiles in cancer cells. A representative group of quinonoid compounds of naphthoquinones (1,4-naphthoquinones) constitute one of the largest and diverse groups of plant secondary metabolites which are widely distributed in nature with a wide range of important pharmacological activities 3,4 that include antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifeedent, antiinflammatory, anticancer, and allelopathic activity. Some examples of antitumoral naphthoquinones are plumbagin, juglone, b-lapachol and rhinacanthone. Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinone, Fig.la) is a medicinal plant-derived naphthoquinone , which is one of the simplest plant secondary metabolite of three major phylogenic families viz. Plumbaginaceae, Droseraceae, and Ebenceae. Plumbagin is also present in black walnut and other various medicinal plants. It was isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant Plumbag0 zeylanica 1. (also known as Chitrak); The roots of Plumbag0 zeylanica have been used in Indian medicine for more than 2,500 years for treatments of various ailments and which exhibits highly potent biological activities, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. Plumbagin are found in plants as they are thought to be present as a defense mechanism due to their cytotoxicity. It is also used extensively in studies investigating oxidative stress. plumbagin has been shown to exert anticancer and antiproliferative activities in animal models and in cell culture. The mechanism of anti-cancer activity of Plumbagin is reportedly by induction of mammalian topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage.4 Plumbagin has been reported to intercalate into the DNA. It induces higher levels of p21 and thereby inhibits long patch base pair excision repairs leading to apoptosis . Hybrid drug molecules of plumbagin by combining plumbagin with other appropriate anticancer agents may lead to the generation of novel and potent anticancer drugs with pleiotropic action against human cancers. 2.2  Present work our group has been engaged in the design and synthesis of more potent, less toxic, and more selective analogues, through chemical modification of lead compounds isolated from the active extracts. In the course of such studies, we have undertaken the plumbago zeylanica, a well-known medicinal plant. The major quantity coupled with the biological profile of plumbagin (1) prompted us to continue our studies. Thus, present work was undertaken to synthesize a library of plumbagin derivatives to study their anti-cancer properties. We here in report the synthesis, cytotoxic activities and their preliminary structure-activity relationship studies. to the best of our knowledge no semi-synthetic derivatives of plumbagin derivaties and test for their till date were reported. (Figure 1). Figure 1: Structure of Plumbagin (1). We focused on the synthesis of new of Plumbagin analogues by following routes. As shown in scheme-1, Piperazines and substituted piperazines are most useful pharmacophores that can be found in many marketed drugs, such as the piperazinyl- linked ciprofloxacin dimmers reported as potent antibacterial agents against resistant strains,15 Merck HIV protease inhibitor Crixivan,16 and drugs under development. A novel class of mixed D2/D4 receptor antagonists, dual calcium antagonist, anti malarial agents and potential antipsychotic agents. Recently piperazine derivatives containing tetrazole nucleus have been reported as an antifungal agent and phytochemists had prepared the derivatives of isolated natural products, which are coupling with piperzenes. This piperzene containing natural products enhance the activity than the parent compound. For designing the analogues of plumbagin a substituted piperzines was introduced at the third position of Plumbagin. This was achieved by the Michael addition of plumbagin with secondary amines and a series of Plumbagin derivatives with the Michael adduct were synthesized. plumbagin (1) was subjected to Michel addition of substituted piperzines with K2C03 in EtoH solvent under roomtemparature conditions for 8 h to yield corresponding substituted piperzine plumbagin analogues (scheme 3.1) in 85 to 95% yield. scheme 3.1 Introduction of propargyl group into hydroxy position of plumbagin scheme 3.2 Preparation of oxime derivatives of plumbagin by substituted acids and substituted piperzines. As shown in scheme 3.3 plumbagin (1) was first subjected to methylation on 0H group of plumbagin and then 9 is treated with NH30H.C1, CH3C0ona in EtoH solvent under room temparature conditions for 6 h to yield corresponding to oxime of 5-0-methyl Plumbagin(lo), it was planned to prepare the new ester derivatives of oxime of 5-0-methyl Plumbagin with various aromatic substituted aromatic carboxylic acids by using standard esterification strategies viz: DDC/DAMP, EDCI/DAMP. Despite the considerable experimentation, however, ester derivatives were never being obtained and moreover, in all cases starting material was completely recovered. In view of these discouraging results, we decided to implement the Yamaguchi esterification protocol (2, 4, 6-trichlorobenz0yl chloride, Et3N, THF, DMAP, toluene) to access ester derivatives. to our delight, the reactions proceeded smoothly to yield the target compounds in moderate to good yields. The structures and yields of all synthesized compounds ( ll21) and the yields were in the range of 80 to 95%. scheme 3.3 oxime of 5-0-methyl Plumbagin(lo) treated with propargyl bromide in presence of K2C03 in acetone solvent under roomtemparature conditions for 8 h to yield corresponding propargyl oxime of 5-0-methyl Plumbagin (22) in 90% yield. According to mannich reaction 22 was treated with secondary amines as substituted piperzines in presence of formaldehyde in ethanol solvent under roomtemparature conditions for lo h to yield corresponding propargyl oximes of 5-0-methyl substituted piperzine plumbagin analogues (23-26) (scheme 3.4) in 85 to 90% yield. All the compounds were synthesized for the first time and well characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI HRMS. biological activity: a). Evaluation of the anti-proliferative activity against Hela, PANC1, MDAMB-231, IMR32, HepG2and SKNSH cell lines: Cancer is one of the most serious threats on human health in the wor1d. The mortality and morbidity of cancer patients is the second highest among all diseases in the wor1d, after heart disease. over the past few decades, extensive research has led to the development of a plethora of chemotherapeutic agents; however, none of these agents are capable of completely eliminating cancer. The limitations of current anticancer drugs, increased incidence and rapid development of drug resistance have highlighted the need for the discovery of new anticancer agents, preferably with novel mechanisms of action. to identify new chemical entities for a more effective treatment of cancer, drug designers can follow many strategies, but the crucial decision is always the selection of a suitable starting point from the vast chemical space . In this respect, natural products can be viewed as evolved privileged structures and biologically pre validated leads, in other words, as molecules that have probably evolved evolutionarily to exert highly specialized functions. Recent review pointed out that, about 74% of anticancer compounds being either natural or natural product-derived products, indicating potency of these scaffolds29. Hence, libraries designed and synthesized around the basic structure of such compounds have better chance of displaying desirable biological and pharmacological properties. As a primary screen for cytotoxic activity, cancer cell growth inhibitory properties of plumbagin derivatives along with parent compound were examined using SKNSH, Hela, HepG2 pancreatic carcinoma cell line (PANC 1), breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB 231), neuroblastoma cell line(IMR-32), by MTT assay. doxorubicin was used as the reference drug and the results are summarized in Table-1. The results revealed that some of the synthetic analogues were exhibited promising anticancer activity when compared their parent isolated compounds. Among the tested all derivatives, compounds 9,12, and 16 showed more potent active against HePG2 cell line with an GI50 value of 0.02 ±0.ol, 0.03 ±0.ol, 0.06 ±0.03  µM respectively and Compounds 3, 5, 24, 25 and 26 manifested potent activity against PANC 1 with an GI50 value of 0.4 ±0.03, 0.ol ±0.ol, 0.3 ±0.03, 0.2 ±0.ol, 0.1 ±0.ol,  µM respectively. While remaining all compounds showed moderate activities on all cell lines. Through it is difficult to discuss the structure activity relationship criteria responsible for the cytotoxic activities in this set of compounds from these results, it can be concluded that me, bis(4-fluorophenyl, 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl on N in piperezens increase the activity and 0-C1, p-methyl, p-no2 on benzene increase the activity. Table 1: Anti-proliferative activity of plumbagin analogues Table- 3.1: biological activities of Plumbagin analogues (1-26). Sample Hela PANC 1 HepG2 SKNSH MDA-MB-231 IMR32 GI50 GI50 GI50 GI50 GI50 GI50 3.6 ±0.2 2.3 ±0.3 0.7 ±0.1 1.1 ±0.2 8.7 ±0.62 >lo0 14.8 ±0.9 2.9 ±0.7 49.9 ±0.6 4.0 ±0.6 4.3 ±0.65 >lo0 8.4 ±0.7 0.4 ±0.03 >lo0 0.4 ±0.05 2.7 ±0.82 >lo0 2.0 ±0.6 0.9 ±0.6 2.8 ±0.3 0.6 ±0.ol 0.97 ±0.78 0.13 ±0.02 4.1 ±0.9 0.ol ±0.ol >lo0 lo.0 ±0.6 2.3 ±0.7 0.ll ±0.06 4.0 ±3.1 0.5 ±0.07 6.1 ±0.3 3.1 ±0.1 >lo0 >lo0 14.1 ±0.8 2.6 ±1.8 1.7 ±0.2 14.9 ±0.7 0.35 ±0.03 >lo0 19.9 ±1.7 5.5 ±0.4 >lo0 >lo0 0.4 ±0.02 0.17 ±0.08 9.2 ±1.3 6.4 ±0.5 0.02 ±0.ol 1.3 ±0.6 >lo0 >lo0 12.3 ±6.6 0.8 ±0.09 0.5 ±0.06 35.1 ±0.9 6.8 ±0.6 0.046 ±0.ol 6.5 ±1.6 0.9 ±0.06 >lo0 0.9 ±0.09 >lo0 21.5 ±0.5 2.6 ±1.7 1.8 ±0.1 0.03 ±0.ol 1.0 ±0.06 0.79 ±0.07 0.13 ±0.02 3.8 ±1.0 0.4 ±0.1 0.3 ±0.03 0.16 ±0.03 >lo0 0.6 ±0.06 2.3 ±1.2 90.0 ±1.0 12.4 ±1.7 >lo0 5.2 ±0.3 >lo0 16.2 ±0.9 26.4 ±0.9 2.9 ±0.2 4.3 ±0.7 >lo0 >lo0 7.8 ±2.9 24.4 ±6.1 0.06 ±0.03 >lo0 26.2 ±0.63 1.7 ±0.2 8.6 ±1.5 22.2 ±0.7 2.5 ±0.3 >lo0 0.06 >lo0 13.8 ±0.1 25.9 ±0.4 0.2 ±0.04 >lo0 >lo0 >lo0 7.6 ±3.7 18.8 ±1.3 2.0 ±0.9 >lo0 >lo0 0.ll ±0.02 4.1 ±0.3 14.7 ±0.9 0.3 ±0.05 20.5 ±2.2 >lo0 0.34 ±0.07 7.4 ±1.2 16.0 ±1.0 3.5 ±0.4 >lo0 1.8 ±0.6 51.3 ±0.4 5.7 ±0.3 >lo0 34.2 ±2.6 >lo0 1.8 ±0.8 0.32 ±0.05 2.2 ±1.0 0.6 ±0.04 57.0 ±0.7 22.4 ±1.1 5.8 ±0.4 >lo0 1.1 ±0.06 0.3 ±0.03 3.5 ±0.4 >lo0 3.5 ±0.5 >lo0 1.3 ±0.1 0.2 ±0.ol 1.2 ±0.7 12.6 ±3.3 >lo0 19.8 ±0.8 5.2 ±0.4 0.1 ±0.ol 2.0 ±0.2 >lo0 4.7 ±0.78 >lo0 doxorubicin Cytotoxic assy : All cell lines (SIHA, PANC 1, MDA MB -231, IMR -32, DU-145 and A549) used in this study were purchased from the American Type Culture The cell lines (ATCC), United States. The synthesized test compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti proliferative activity in these six different human cancer cell lines. A protocol of 48 h continuous drug exposure was used, and a SRB cell proliferation assay was used to estimate cell viability or growth. All the cell lines were grown in Dulbecc0s modified Eagles medium (containing lo% FBS in a humidified atmosphere of 5% C02 at 37  °C). Cells were trypsinized when sub-confluent from T25 flasks/60 mm dishes and seeded in 96-well plates in lo0ÃŽ ¼1 aliquots at plating densities depending on the doubling time of individual cell lines. The microliter plates were incubated at 37  °C, 5% C02, 95% air, and lo0% relative humidity for 24 h prior to addition of experimental drugs and were incubated for 48 hrs with different doses (0.ol, 0.1, 1, lo, ,lo0 µM) of prepared derivatives. After 48 hours incubation at 37  °C, cell monolayers were fixed by the addition of lo% (wt/vol) cold trichloroacetic acid and incubated at 4  °C for 1h and were then stained with 0.057% SRB dissolved in 1% acetic acid for 30 min at room temperature. Unbound SRB was washed with 1% acetic acid. The protein –bound dye was dissolved in lomM Tris base solution for 0D determination at 5lo nm using a microplate reader (Enspire, Perkin elmer, USA). Using the seven absorbance measurements [time zero, (Tz), control growth, (C), and test growth in the presence of drug at the five concentration levels (Ti)], the percentage growth was calculated at each of the drug concentrations levels. Percentage growth inhibition was calculated as: [(Ti-Tz)/(C-Tz)] x lo0 for concentrations for which Ti>/=Tz [(Ti-Tz)/Tz] x lo0 for concentrations for which Ti Three dose response parameters were calculated for each experimental agent. Growth inhibition of 50 % (GI50) was calculated from [(Ti-Tz)/(C-Tz)] x lo0 = 50, which is the drug concentration resulting in a 50% reduction in the net protein increase (as measured by SRB staining) in control cells during the drug incubation. The drug concentration resulting in total growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated from Ti = Tz. The 1C50 (concentration of drug resulting in a 50% reduction in the measured protein at the end of the drug treatment as compared to that at the beginning) indicating a net loss of cells following treatment was calculated from [(Ti-Tz)/Tz] x lo0 = -50. Values were calculated for each of these three parameters if the level of activity is reached; however, if the effect is not reached or is exceeded, the value for that parameter was expressed as greater or less than the maximum or minimum concentration tested. 3.4  Conclusion In conclusion, we have successfully synthesized thirty one analogues of Plumbagin (1) and these analogues were evaluated for their anti-cancer activities. Majority of the compounds exhibited significant anti-cancer activity than the parent compound Plumbagin (1) and this study also provides an initial structure–activity data, based on derivatives of Plumbagin (1). The results are an indicative of the fact that the compound 5 proved to be the best analogue with GI50 of 12 proved to be the best analogue with GI50 of invivo studies need to be carried out for revealing the exact mechanism of action and will be taken up in the future in our laboratory. 3.5  Experimental Section Plant material : Plumbag0zeylanica was collected from Tirumala forest, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India, in August 2007. The plant material was identified by Dr. K. Madhav Chetty, Botany Department, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi. A voucher of the plant was deposited in the Herbarium of the Botany Department. Extaction and isolation: The shade-dried roots of Plumbag0 zeylanica were powdered in a pulvarizer (lo kg) and extracted with chloroform/methanol, 1:1 followed by the concentration under reduced pressure. The resulting extract was (70 g) chromatographed over silica gel (60–120 mesh) and eluted with n-hexane/ethyl acetate combinations of increasing polarity. Plumbagin (12 g) was obtained by elution with n-hexane/ethyl acetate, 99:1. General procedure for the synthesis of piperzene (Secondary amine) derivatives (2-7): to a solution of the Compound 1(leq) in ethanol (3m1) in presence of potassium carbonate as a catalyst was added secondry amine (piperzene) stirred at room temperature for 8 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with Ethyl acetate (lo m1), washed with c0oled ice and brine solution. The organic layer was dried over Na2so4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography using the mobile phase Acetone in Hexane afforded secondary amine (piperzene) derivatives.